MICR 4423 - Final Exam 2025/2026 Exam
Questions and Verified Answers |
Already Graded A+
What characterized medicine before the late 19th century? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔the
four humors//paliative or aggressive
What were some common medical interventions? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Palliative and
aggressive interventions - non-curative but relieves symptoms, often did more
harm than good; make you bleed, urinate, deficate
Who defined the "four humors" theory and when was it defined? - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔Galen in 150 A.D
What are the four humors? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and
blood
,Contrast the treatments required by the "four humors" theory of disease and the
germ theory of disease. - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Germ Theory - finding the bacteria and
killing/stopping growth of it
4 Humors: miasma; rebalancing the humors
About when did the antibiotic age begin? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔the first half of the
1940's
what was the first widely availible antibiotic? When were the first patients treated
with it? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔penicillin-Albert Alexander (1941) and Ann Miller
(1942)
when did the first antibiotic become widely available ? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1945
who was the first person to be treated with penicillin and then went on to live out a
long life? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔ann miller (1942)
How was the discovery of dyes that specifically stain particular cell types logically
related to the search for antibacterial drugs? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔the dyes were able to
help distinguish between different cells and made the progress quicker
What physical property of Salvarsan and Prontosil made them difficult to
administer? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔They were not water soluble
,What sulfanilamide-related disaster in Tulsa led to tighter federal regulations of
drug labeling and composition? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The toxic raspberry elixir of
sulfanilamide mixed into diethyl glycogen - killed people who took it
Who is typically credited with the discovery of penicillin? What were his key
contributions? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Fleming; discovered it kills bacteria and that it's
harmless to humans
What was the principal problem that prevented Fleming from developing penicillin
as a treatment? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔wasn't able to isolate enough in a stable form to
study it further
Who composed the team that brought treatment with penicillin from an idea to
reality, and what were their roles? Where did they work? When did they conduct
the bulk of their work? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1. Dunn School Team
- Florey - project leader
- Chain - Chemist
- Heatley - engineer/mechanical genius
2. Worked at the Dunn School in Oxford
3. Worked from 1937-1941
3
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, What were the three key advancements in penicillin production that were made at
the Northern Lab in Peoria, IL, and how did they take place? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1.
hyper producing strain (from moldy cantaloupe)
2. improved medium (corn steep liquor + sugar)
3. deep tank fermentation (scale it up)
What got US pharmaceutical companies interested in penicillin production? -
🧠ANSWER ✔✔War Resources Board; Got to keep all intellectual property, $200
per million unit, tax breaks, grants to build equipment; given all the info, so
already known about about the drug
What disaster in Boston put penicillin in the spotlight? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The
cocoanut grove fire
After penicillin, what was the next antibiotic to be discovered? Who discovered it?
What class of antibiotics does it represent? What class of microorganisms produces
it? What was it good for that penicillin was not? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1. Streptomycin
- Albert Shatz
2. Class aminoglycosides
3. Class of microorganism actinomycetes
Questions and Verified Answers |
Already Graded A+
What characterized medicine before the late 19th century? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔the
four humors//paliative or aggressive
What were some common medical interventions? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Palliative and
aggressive interventions - non-curative but relieves symptoms, often did more
harm than good; make you bleed, urinate, deficate
Who defined the "four humors" theory and when was it defined? - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔Galen in 150 A.D
What are the four humors? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and
blood
,Contrast the treatments required by the "four humors" theory of disease and the
germ theory of disease. - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Germ Theory - finding the bacteria and
killing/stopping growth of it
4 Humors: miasma; rebalancing the humors
About when did the antibiotic age begin? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔the first half of the
1940's
what was the first widely availible antibiotic? When were the first patients treated
with it? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔penicillin-Albert Alexander (1941) and Ann Miller
(1942)
when did the first antibiotic become widely available ? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1945
who was the first person to be treated with penicillin and then went on to live out a
long life? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔ann miller (1942)
How was the discovery of dyes that specifically stain particular cell types logically
related to the search for antibacterial drugs? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔the dyes were able to
help distinguish between different cells and made the progress quicker
What physical property of Salvarsan and Prontosil made them difficult to
administer? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔They were not water soluble
,What sulfanilamide-related disaster in Tulsa led to tighter federal regulations of
drug labeling and composition? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The toxic raspberry elixir of
sulfanilamide mixed into diethyl glycogen - killed people who took it
Who is typically credited with the discovery of penicillin? What were his key
contributions? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Fleming; discovered it kills bacteria and that it's
harmless to humans
What was the principal problem that prevented Fleming from developing penicillin
as a treatment? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔wasn't able to isolate enough in a stable form to
study it further
Who composed the team that brought treatment with penicillin from an idea to
reality, and what were their roles? Where did they work? When did they conduct
the bulk of their work? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1. Dunn School Team
- Florey - project leader
- Chain - Chemist
- Heatley - engineer/mechanical genius
2. Worked at the Dunn School in Oxford
3. Worked from 1937-1941
3
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, What were the three key advancements in penicillin production that were made at
the Northern Lab in Peoria, IL, and how did they take place? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1.
hyper producing strain (from moldy cantaloupe)
2. improved medium (corn steep liquor + sugar)
3. deep tank fermentation (scale it up)
What got US pharmaceutical companies interested in penicillin production? -
🧠ANSWER ✔✔War Resources Board; Got to keep all intellectual property, $200
per million unit, tax breaks, grants to build equipment; given all the info, so
already known about about the drug
What disaster in Boston put penicillin in the spotlight? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The
cocoanut grove fire
After penicillin, what was the next antibiotic to be discovered? Who discovered it?
What class of antibiotics does it represent? What class of microorganisms produces
it? What was it good for that penicillin was not? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1. Streptomycin
- Albert Shatz
2. Class aminoglycosides
3. Class of microorganism actinomycetes
