NAO Volume 1 2025-2026 update Q&A verified
What is the axial length of the average eye? - ✔✔ANS 26.5mm
What is another word for the eyelids? - ✔✔ANS Palpebrae
What muscle relaxes to allow the eyelid to droop or sag? - ✔✔ANS Frontalis
What is the size of the bony orbit in the average adult? - ✔✔ANS 35mm-40mm
Reflex tears are produced by________ and are generally caused by_______? - ✔✔ANS -The lacrima
glands
- Stimulus such as coughing, sneezing, strong smells, emotions
Which glands produce basic tear secretion? - ✔✔ANS Glands of wolfing and glands of krause
The three layers of the tear film in order from outermost to innermost are the? - ✔✔ANS Lipid, aqueous
mucin
The layer of the tear film that contains the nutrients and antibiotic properties is the? - ✔✔ANS Aqueous
The layer of the tear film that is responsible for prevention of evaporation is the? - ✔✔ANS Lipid
The layer of the tear film that is responsible for holding the tears on the cornea is the? - ✔✔ANS Mucin
The term for the collection of the thin film of tears on the lower lid margin is? - ✔✔ANS Tear lake, Tea
prism, Tear meniscus
What is the term for the eyelids turning outward? - ✔✔ANS Ectropion
,What is the term for the eyelids turning inward? - ✔✔ANS Entropion
What is the name of the mucous membrane that lines the lids and the globe of the eye? - ✔✔AN
Conjunctiva
What do the goblet cells produce? - ✔✔ANS Mucous
What is the term for an inflammation of the conjunctiva? - ✔✔ANS Conjunctivitis
The outer tunic consists of the______ ,_______ and additionally the _____ and ______? - ✔✔ANS -Sclera
-Cornea
-Limbus
-Fibrous
The five layers of the cornea from outermost to innermost in order are? - ✔✔ANS -Epithelium
-Bowman's Layer
-Stroma
-Descemet's membrane
-Endothelium
The average power of the cornea is? - ✔✔ANS 42.00-45.00 diopters
The cornea receives oxygen from? - ✔✔ANS Tears, and blood vessels
How many layers are there in the epithelium? - ✔✔ANS 5 to 7
If this layer of the cornea is damaged, scar tissue will form? - ✔✔ANS Bowman's layer
If the eye is deprived of oxygen, this layer will lose more cells, more quickly cause swelling of the eye?
✔✔ANS Endothelium
The canal of schlemm encircles the_______ region, which is where the aqueous drains into the trabecula
meshwork? - ✔✔ANS Limbal
The middle tunic is the ________ tunic and is located between ________ and ________? - ✔✔ANS -Vascula
-Sclera
, -Retina
The ciliary body consists of the ________ and the ________? - ✔✔ANS -Ciliary muscle
-Ciliary process
The anterior chamber is located ________? - ✔✔ANS Between the back surface of the cornea and the iris
The posterior chamber is located________? - ✔✔ANS Between the iris and the crystalline lens.
An inflammation of the iris is called? - ✔✔ANS Iritis
A difference in pupil size is called? - ✔✔ANS Anisocoria
Which muscle constricts causing the pupil to become smaller? - ✔✔ANS Sphincter
Which muscle dilates causing the pupil to become larger? - ✔✔ANS Dilator
The inner tunic is the _______ and is the _______ tunic? - ✔✔ANS -Retina
-Light Sensitive
The aqueous humor is produced by the? - ✔✔ANS Ciliary process
If a patient experiences "floaters", where are they located? - ✔✔ANS In the vitreous
Absence of the crystalline lens is referred to as? - ✔✔ANS Aphakia
How much amplitude of accommodation does the average person have at birth? - ✔✔ANS 15 diopters
Loss of accommodation is called? - ✔✔ANS Presbyopia
List the 6 extra ocular muscles, listing the four straight muscles first and then the two slanting muscle
last? - ✔✔ANS 1. Medial rectus
2. lateral rectus
3. Inferior rectus
4. Superior rectus
5. Superior oblique
What is the axial length of the average eye? - ✔✔ANS 26.5mm
What is another word for the eyelids? - ✔✔ANS Palpebrae
What muscle relaxes to allow the eyelid to droop or sag? - ✔✔ANS Frontalis
What is the size of the bony orbit in the average adult? - ✔✔ANS 35mm-40mm
Reflex tears are produced by________ and are generally caused by_______? - ✔✔ANS -The lacrima
glands
- Stimulus such as coughing, sneezing, strong smells, emotions
Which glands produce basic tear secretion? - ✔✔ANS Glands of wolfing and glands of krause
The three layers of the tear film in order from outermost to innermost are the? - ✔✔ANS Lipid, aqueous
mucin
The layer of the tear film that contains the nutrients and antibiotic properties is the? - ✔✔ANS Aqueous
The layer of the tear film that is responsible for prevention of evaporation is the? - ✔✔ANS Lipid
The layer of the tear film that is responsible for holding the tears on the cornea is the? - ✔✔ANS Mucin
The term for the collection of the thin film of tears on the lower lid margin is? - ✔✔ANS Tear lake, Tea
prism, Tear meniscus
What is the term for the eyelids turning outward? - ✔✔ANS Ectropion
,What is the term for the eyelids turning inward? - ✔✔ANS Entropion
What is the name of the mucous membrane that lines the lids and the globe of the eye? - ✔✔AN
Conjunctiva
What do the goblet cells produce? - ✔✔ANS Mucous
What is the term for an inflammation of the conjunctiva? - ✔✔ANS Conjunctivitis
The outer tunic consists of the______ ,_______ and additionally the _____ and ______? - ✔✔ANS -Sclera
-Cornea
-Limbus
-Fibrous
The five layers of the cornea from outermost to innermost in order are? - ✔✔ANS -Epithelium
-Bowman's Layer
-Stroma
-Descemet's membrane
-Endothelium
The average power of the cornea is? - ✔✔ANS 42.00-45.00 diopters
The cornea receives oxygen from? - ✔✔ANS Tears, and blood vessels
How many layers are there in the epithelium? - ✔✔ANS 5 to 7
If this layer of the cornea is damaged, scar tissue will form? - ✔✔ANS Bowman's layer
If the eye is deprived of oxygen, this layer will lose more cells, more quickly cause swelling of the eye?
✔✔ANS Endothelium
The canal of schlemm encircles the_______ region, which is where the aqueous drains into the trabecula
meshwork? - ✔✔ANS Limbal
The middle tunic is the ________ tunic and is located between ________ and ________? - ✔✔ANS -Vascula
-Sclera
, -Retina
The ciliary body consists of the ________ and the ________? - ✔✔ANS -Ciliary muscle
-Ciliary process
The anterior chamber is located ________? - ✔✔ANS Between the back surface of the cornea and the iris
The posterior chamber is located________? - ✔✔ANS Between the iris and the crystalline lens.
An inflammation of the iris is called? - ✔✔ANS Iritis
A difference in pupil size is called? - ✔✔ANS Anisocoria
Which muscle constricts causing the pupil to become smaller? - ✔✔ANS Sphincter
Which muscle dilates causing the pupil to become larger? - ✔✔ANS Dilator
The inner tunic is the _______ and is the _______ tunic? - ✔✔ANS -Retina
-Light Sensitive
The aqueous humor is produced by the? - ✔✔ANS Ciliary process
If a patient experiences "floaters", where are they located? - ✔✔ANS In the vitreous
Absence of the crystalline lens is referred to as? - ✔✔ANS Aphakia
How much amplitude of accommodation does the average person have at birth? - ✔✔ANS 15 diopters
Loss of accommodation is called? - ✔✔ANS Presbyopia
List the 6 extra ocular muscles, listing the four straight muscles first and then the two slanting muscle
last? - ✔✔ANS 1. Medial rectus
2. lateral rectus
3. Inferior rectus
4. Superior rectus
5. Superior oblique
