ENQ4: How can coastlines be managed to meet the needs of players?
2B.10 Increasing risks of coastal recession and coastal flooding have serious consequences for affected
communities
2B.10a Economic losses (housing, businesses, agricultural land, 2B.10b Coastal flooding and storm surge events can have serious economic
infrastructure) and social losses (relocation, loss of livelihood, amenity value) and social consequences for coastal communities in both developing and
from coastal recession can be significant, especially in areas of dense coastal developed countries (ü the Philippines, Bangladesh and the Netherlands).
developments ü Holderness, North Norfolk).
There are different ways to measure losses.
Local losses can lead to political problems. Risk equation = hazard x vulnerability/ capacity to cope
Recession = gradual retreat and erosion of coastline due to physical Coastal flooding= sea levels ride due to high tide, storm surges or heavy
processes rainfall.
Storm surge = temporary rise in sea levels caused by strong winds and
change in atmospheric pressure.
Scale of impact
Cost
Irreversibility IPCC estimates a 55cm rise by 2100
Speed of onset Developed Developing
Vulnerability of population
Economic - North Sea Storm - Philippines = 20 tropical
impacts: Surge 2013 = cyclones + areas like
developed Netherlands and UK. Manilla Bay Flooded with
Economic impacts -> better Storm surges reached 1M rise in sea level.
Businesses/ - Loss of tourism revenue as coastlines become equipped heights of 5m. - IPCC estimates 60cm – 1m
tourism unsafe. Areas that are reliant on tourism could with flood - Coastal flooding in well rise by 2100.
loose visitors and thus loss of hotels + defences = developed countries like - Manilla Bay surrounded by
high the UK + Netherlands Metro Bay = population of
infrastructure.
capacity to have limited impact on over 13M.
- Holderness coastline -> Holbeck Hall Hotel cope. BUT lives and businesses. - Low income communities
collapsed in 1992 due to rotational landslide. tourism - Barrier and Delta Works settle in flood prone areas in
140mm rainfall in 2 months leading to industries helped mitigate the informal housing -> lacks
collapse of 2M hotel. still under impact with large drainage and flood
Loss of - Coastal erosion leads to loss of homes, threat. investments of over 2B. protection.
Developing - Thus economic impacts - Exposed to frequency storm
property/infrastru business and farmland – relatively easy to -> higher relatively low only 2 surges, reducing capacity to
cture quantify. economic people were killed and recover.
- 2015 environmental agency: losses due 1400 homes affected - Reliant on coastal industries
o Agricultural land = £21K per hectare. to which was low like Fishing which contributes
o Industrial/business land = £500k per dependency considering the size of $170K to national economy
on primary area that was affected. so they cannot relocate
hectare. industries Overall cost = 1B. inland as limited
- Residential land: and small alternatives.
o £500k per hectare – North Yorkshire, capacity to Philippines Typhoons 2013:
unconsolidated boulder clay, colder cope - 4-5m storm surge
climate. - 6300 deaths
o £2.1M per hectare (Dorset coast, - 30k injured
warmer climate, Jurassic coast) - 1.9M homeless
Infrastructure - Re – routing a two land road = £150K - £250K -
cost of having to per 100 metres. Economic - Australia’s tourism - Bangladesh.
adapt to recession - Collapse of South Devon Main Line Railway impacts industry on Gold - 60% of population lives in
2014: £35M in repairs and £60M loss to SW Coast = $30B. coastal areas risk at flooding-
businesses. - Victorian = 80% of especially with increasing
Insurance + - Properties at risk often become uninsurable coastline at risk/ sea levels and more intense
- Faces severe cyclones.
compensation because erosion is a certainty not a risk. consequences due to - Economic losses from
issues - Falling property values and difficult to sell rising sea levels + agriculture, infrastructure
homes. coastal erosions. damage, relocation costs.
- No national compensation scheme for coastal - Great Barrier Reef is - Major economic losses wit 6-
property loss in the UK. under threat which put 7M expected to be displaced.
local businesses
- Some support provided by the Coastal change
dependent on tourism at
pathfinder projects. risk.
o 1.2M to east riding Yorkshire. - Annual income of $1.3B
o Funded demolition and relocation of 43 and 60,000 jobs -> many
homes. are reliant on these
o Up to 100k relocation expenses and specific jobs such as
scuba diva instructor,
£200 hardship grants. conservationist etc that
are niche.
- Forced to relocate, lack
Agriculture loss - Coastal recession mitigated by management of alternative, similar
schemes which can impact recession. opportunities.
- Aswan High Dam reduced sediment flow from - Great barrier reef
130M tonnes to 15M tonnes and erosion rates tourism thus may
downsize or close –
increased along the Nile Delta from 20m/year domino effect on local
to 200m/year. economy.
- Over 90% of Egypt’s population live around - 1m rise in Australia:
Nile Basin which is kye for agriculture. 116,000k homes, $87B
- Loss of farmland -> serious food insecurity. commercial property, 75
- Higher food prices -> reduces access for poor. hospitals, 5 power
stations.
- Agriculture accounts for 20% of Egypt GDP so Social - Netherlands – Delta - Kiribati 112,000 people
major national threat to economic stability. impacts -> Works. living in capita Tarawa
developed = - Hard engineering which is only 4m above
low social scheme, increases sea level.
Overall – making - EA – predicts: 800 properties lost by sea by vulnerability capacity to cope, making - NZ goy attempted to
judgement 2035. due to population less introduce the Pacific Assess
- Overall, economic losses tend to be small stronger vulnerable. Category Allet which allows
disaster - 60% of country is only 75 citizens of Kiribati to be
because: preparednes granted residency every year
5m above sea level.
o Erosion is slow so few properties s, - After 1953 North Sea to NZ.
affected each year. infrastructur flooding, Delta works set - Mitigation strategy is not
o Property value falls long before erosion e, recovery, up: dikes, dams and widespread and thus could
physically destroys it. mental moveable storm surge be completely inundated.
health barrier with 62 openings - Cannot afford hard
o High density areas usually protected by support. and 40m in length. engineering schemes to
, costal defences/ Developing - - Protections low lying protect coastline.
> lack of coastal regions – Eastern
resources = Scheldt from flooding.
support - Protects Netherlands
systems, from 1:2000 coastal
Social Impacts increased flooding and 1:250 river
Displacement + - Soft cliffs which easily erode collapse regularly poverty etc. flood.
mental health under high energy sea conditions in Happisburgh
NNC.
- Footpaths, roadways, gardens are vulnerable to
slipping.
- Property lifespan estimate is 25 years remaining.
- High risk of displacement can lead to stress,
anxiety and grief.
Loss of - As erosion progresses, ships and business have
businesses and to close or relocate.
service - Happisburgh – local café lost in landslide so had
to move further up beach and was shut for a
long time.
- Coastal erosion has already gone so far –
unlikely the govt will invest more so forced
displacement continues.
- Declining population worsens economic decline.
Environmental Impacts
Biodiversity loss - Holderness – 2m year. S
- Spurn point is starved of sediment leading to
biodiversity loss in salt marshes
SSSI - Lagoons near Easington.
- Home to over 1% of British little tern breeding
population
- Coastal erosion breach lagoon, destroying
critical habitats.
2B.10c Climate change may create environmental refugees in coastal areas Questions:
8 markers:
Explain the economic and social losses from coastal recession
Environmental refugees – people forced to migrate due to environmental Explain the economic and social consequences from coastal flooding and
changes including rising sea levels, coastal erosion, storm surges. storm surges
Global co-operation required to deal with this. Explain the impacts of climate change on coastlines at different levels of
development
Explain the ways that climate change may lead to an increase in
Causes:
environmental refugees.
Rising sea - Rising sea levels direct result of CC.
Explain how CC can create political problems for communities
levels - Low lying areas like Kiribati and Maldives at risk of
being submerged due to rising sea levels.
- Kiribati only 3M above sea level and projected to be 20 markers:
underwater by end of century. - Evaluate the view that storm surges pose a greater threat to human
- As sea level rise, communities living in coastal areas communities than long term coastal recession
face loss of land, homes = infrastructure - Evaluate the significance of economic and social impacts caused by
- Forces people to migrate inland and across borders. coastal change.
Storm - More frequent extreme weather events caused by CC - Evaluate the view that development determines the impact of coastal
surges that create temporary threats of flooding. flooding/recession
- CC leading to more oceans reaching 26.5 degrees so
have energy for storm surge to be created.
- Philippines experience frequent typhoons, storm
surges cause widespread flooding and destruction.
2013 displaced 4M due to severe flooding.
- Intensify the vulnerability of coastal population which
increase risk of permanent displacement particularly
when damage to infrastructure is extensive.
Coastal - Significant causses in areas that are dependent on
erosion + coastal resources for livelihoods.
salt water - Bangladesh – Sundarbans major coastal area
intrusion experiencing rapid erosion and saltwater intrusion
affecting freshwater sources + agriculture land.
- By 2050 – 6-7M refugees.
- Coastal erosion gradually erodes land whilst salt water
intrusion renders freshwater and farmland unusable.
- Communities rely on fishing and agriculture =
vulnerable as cannot sustain livelihoods.
- Forced to mitigate urban areas or across border for
other opportunities.
2B.10 Increasing risks of coastal recession and coastal flooding have serious consequences for affected
communities
2B.10a Economic losses (housing, businesses, agricultural land, 2B.10b Coastal flooding and storm surge events can have serious economic
infrastructure) and social losses (relocation, loss of livelihood, amenity value) and social consequences for coastal communities in both developing and
from coastal recession can be significant, especially in areas of dense coastal developed countries (ü the Philippines, Bangladesh and the Netherlands).
developments ü Holderness, North Norfolk).
There are different ways to measure losses.
Local losses can lead to political problems. Risk equation = hazard x vulnerability/ capacity to cope
Recession = gradual retreat and erosion of coastline due to physical Coastal flooding= sea levels ride due to high tide, storm surges or heavy
processes rainfall.
Storm surge = temporary rise in sea levels caused by strong winds and
change in atmospheric pressure.
Scale of impact
Cost
Irreversibility IPCC estimates a 55cm rise by 2100
Speed of onset Developed Developing
Vulnerability of population
Economic - North Sea Storm - Philippines = 20 tropical
impacts: Surge 2013 = cyclones + areas like
developed Netherlands and UK. Manilla Bay Flooded with
Economic impacts -> better Storm surges reached 1M rise in sea level.
Businesses/ - Loss of tourism revenue as coastlines become equipped heights of 5m. - IPCC estimates 60cm – 1m
tourism unsafe. Areas that are reliant on tourism could with flood - Coastal flooding in well rise by 2100.
loose visitors and thus loss of hotels + defences = developed countries like - Manilla Bay surrounded by
high the UK + Netherlands Metro Bay = population of
infrastructure.
capacity to have limited impact on over 13M.
- Holderness coastline -> Holbeck Hall Hotel cope. BUT lives and businesses. - Low income communities
collapsed in 1992 due to rotational landslide. tourism - Barrier and Delta Works settle in flood prone areas in
140mm rainfall in 2 months leading to industries helped mitigate the informal housing -> lacks
collapse of 2M hotel. still under impact with large drainage and flood
Loss of - Coastal erosion leads to loss of homes, threat. investments of over 2B. protection.
Developing - Thus economic impacts - Exposed to frequency storm
property/infrastru business and farmland – relatively easy to -> higher relatively low only 2 surges, reducing capacity to
cture quantify. economic people were killed and recover.
- 2015 environmental agency: losses due 1400 homes affected - Reliant on coastal industries
o Agricultural land = £21K per hectare. to which was low like Fishing which contributes
o Industrial/business land = £500k per dependency considering the size of $170K to national economy
on primary area that was affected. so they cannot relocate
hectare. industries Overall cost = 1B. inland as limited
- Residential land: and small alternatives.
o £500k per hectare – North Yorkshire, capacity to Philippines Typhoons 2013:
unconsolidated boulder clay, colder cope - 4-5m storm surge
climate. - 6300 deaths
o £2.1M per hectare (Dorset coast, - 30k injured
warmer climate, Jurassic coast) - 1.9M homeless
Infrastructure - Re – routing a two land road = £150K - £250K -
cost of having to per 100 metres. Economic - Australia’s tourism - Bangladesh.
adapt to recession - Collapse of South Devon Main Line Railway impacts industry on Gold - 60% of population lives in
2014: £35M in repairs and £60M loss to SW Coast = $30B. coastal areas risk at flooding-
businesses. - Victorian = 80% of especially with increasing
Insurance + - Properties at risk often become uninsurable coastline at risk/ sea levels and more intense
- Faces severe cyclones.
compensation because erosion is a certainty not a risk. consequences due to - Economic losses from
issues - Falling property values and difficult to sell rising sea levels + agriculture, infrastructure
homes. coastal erosions. damage, relocation costs.
- No national compensation scheme for coastal - Great Barrier Reef is - Major economic losses wit 6-
property loss in the UK. under threat which put 7M expected to be displaced.
local businesses
- Some support provided by the Coastal change
dependent on tourism at
pathfinder projects. risk.
o 1.2M to east riding Yorkshire. - Annual income of $1.3B
o Funded demolition and relocation of 43 and 60,000 jobs -> many
homes. are reliant on these
o Up to 100k relocation expenses and specific jobs such as
scuba diva instructor,
£200 hardship grants. conservationist etc that
are niche.
- Forced to relocate, lack
Agriculture loss - Coastal recession mitigated by management of alternative, similar
schemes which can impact recession. opportunities.
- Aswan High Dam reduced sediment flow from - Great barrier reef
130M tonnes to 15M tonnes and erosion rates tourism thus may
downsize or close –
increased along the Nile Delta from 20m/year domino effect on local
to 200m/year. economy.
- Over 90% of Egypt’s population live around - 1m rise in Australia:
Nile Basin which is kye for agriculture. 116,000k homes, $87B
- Loss of farmland -> serious food insecurity. commercial property, 75
- Higher food prices -> reduces access for poor. hospitals, 5 power
stations.
- Agriculture accounts for 20% of Egypt GDP so Social - Netherlands – Delta - Kiribati 112,000 people
major national threat to economic stability. impacts -> Works. living in capita Tarawa
developed = - Hard engineering which is only 4m above
low social scheme, increases sea level.
Overall – making - EA – predicts: 800 properties lost by sea by vulnerability capacity to cope, making - NZ goy attempted to
judgement 2035. due to population less introduce the Pacific Assess
- Overall, economic losses tend to be small stronger vulnerable. Category Allet which allows
disaster - 60% of country is only 75 citizens of Kiribati to be
because: preparednes granted residency every year
5m above sea level.
o Erosion is slow so few properties s, - After 1953 North Sea to NZ.
affected each year. infrastructur flooding, Delta works set - Mitigation strategy is not
o Property value falls long before erosion e, recovery, up: dikes, dams and widespread and thus could
physically destroys it. mental moveable storm surge be completely inundated.
health barrier with 62 openings - Cannot afford hard
o High density areas usually protected by support. and 40m in length. engineering schemes to
, costal defences/ Developing - - Protections low lying protect coastline.
> lack of coastal regions – Eastern
resources = Scheldt from flooding.
support - Protects Netherlands
systems, from 1:2000 coastal
Social Impacts increased flooding and 1:250 river
Displacement + - Soft cliffs which easily erode collapse regularly poverty etc. flood.
mental health under high energy sea conditions in Happisburgh
NNC.
- Footpaths, roadways, gardens are vulnerable to
slipping.
- Property lifespan estimate is 25 years remaining.
- High risk of displacement can lead to stress,
anxiety and grief.
Loss of - As erosion progresses, ships and business have
businesses and to close or relocate.
service - Happisburgh – local café lost in landslide so had
to move further up beach and was shut for a
long time.
- Coastal erosion has already gone so far –
unlikely the govt will invest more so forced
displacement continues.
- Declining population worsens economic decline.
Environmental Impacts
Biodiversity loss - Holderness – 2m year. S
- Spurn point is starved of sediment leading to
biodiversity loss in salt marshes
SSSI - Lagoons near Easington.
- Home to over 1% of British little tern breeding
population
- Coastal erosion breach lagoon, destroying
critical habitats.
2B.10c Climate change may create environmental refugees in coastal areas Questions:
8 markers:
Explain the economic and social losses from coastal recession
Environmental refugees – people forced to migrate due to environmental Explain the economic and social consequences from coastal flooding and
changes including rising sea levels, coastal erosion, storm surges. storm surges
Global co-operation required to deal with this. Explain the impacts of climate change on coastlines at different levels of
development
Explain the ways that climate change may lead to an increase in
Causes:
environmental refugees.
Rising sea - Rising sea levels direct result of CC.
Explain how CC can create political problems for communities
levels - Low lying areas like Kiribati and Maldives at risk of
being submerged due to rising sea levels.
- Kiribati only 3M above sea level and projected to be 20 markers:
underwater by end of century. - Evaluate the view that storm surges pose a greater threat to human
- As sea level rise, communities living in coastal areas communities than long term coastal recession
face loss of land, homes = infrastructure - Evaluate the significance of economic and social impacts caused by
- Forces people to migrate inland and across borders. coastal change.
Storm - More frequent extreme weather events caused by CC - Evaluate the view that development determines the impact of coastal
surges that create temporary threats of flooding. flooding/recession
- CC leading to more oceans reaching 26.5 degrees so
have energy for storm surge to be created.
- Philippines experience frequent typhoons, storm
surges cause widespread flooding and destruction.
2013 displaced 4M due to severe flooding.
- Intensify the vulnerability of coastal population which
increase risk of permanent displacement particularly
when damage to infrastructure is extensive.
Coastal - Significant causses in areas that are dependent on
erosion + coastal resources for livelihoods.
salt water - Bangladesh – Sundarbans major coastal area
intrusion experiencing rapid erosion and saltwater intrusion
affecting freshwater sources + agriculture land.
- By 2050 – 6-7M refugees.
- Coastal erosion gradually erodes land whilst salt water
intrusion renders freshwater and farmland unusable.
- Communities rely on fishing and agriculture =
vulnerable as cannot sustain livelihoods.
- Forced to mitigate urban areas or across border for
other opportunities.
