ALU 101 - textbook UPDATED ACTUAL
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Explain negative feedback - CORRECT ANSWER - Helps maintain homeostasis.
Examples: When body is hot, blood vessels dilate. If this doesn't work, you sweat.
Name two hormones stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Where are these hormones produced?
State their functions. - CORRECT ANSWER - ADH - conserve body water, prevent blood
loss. Oxytocin - stimulates contraction of the uterus at the end of pregnancy.
Name two hormones of the anterior pituitary that affect the ovaries and testes. - CORRECT
ANSWER - FSH - initiates sperm production in men; stimulates growth of ovarian
follicles in women. LH - Luteinizing hormone - ovulation
Explain the antagonistic effects of PTH and calcitonin on bones and blood calcium levels. -
CORRECT ANSWER - PTH increases reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bones
to blood, thereby raising their blood levels.
Explain the antagonistic effects of insulin and glucagon on the liver and on blood glucose levels.
- CORRECT ANSWER - Glucagon stimulates the liver to change glycogen to glucose and
to increase the use of fats and excess amino acids for energy production. Insulin decreases its
level promoting the use of glucose for energy production.
Describe how cortisol affects the use of foods for energy. Explain the anti-inflammatory effects
of cortisol. - CORRECT ANSWER - Glucocorticoid increases the use of fats and excess
amino acids. Cortisol blocks the effects of histamine and stabilizes lysomal membranes.
State the effect of aldosterone on the kidneys. Describe the result of this effect on the
composition of blood. - CORRECT ANSWER - Aldosterone - mineralcorticoids - increase
the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium by the kidney tubules. When sodium
ions are reabsorbed, excess H+ ions can be excreted preventing acidosis.
, When are epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted. Describe the effects of these hormones. -
CORRECT ANSWER - Secreted in stress situations and help prepare for fight or flight.
Epinephrine increases heart rate, dilates bronchioles, and stimulates the liver to change glycogen
to glucose. Norapenephrine - vasoconstriction in the skin, viscera, and skeletal muscles.
Name the hormones necessary for development of eggs in the ovaries. Name the hormones
necessary for development in the testes. - CORRECT ANSWER - FSH - stimulates growth
of ovarian follicles. Initiates growth of sperm in testes.
State what prostaglandins are made from. State three functions. - CORRECT ANSWER -
Made from phosolipids of virtually all cells. Functions: Inflammation, pain mechanisms, blood
clotting, vasoconstriction, and contraction of the uterus.
Name the hormones that promote growth of the endometrium of the uterus in preparation for a
fertilized egg and state precisely where each hormone is produced. - CORRECT
ANSWER - Progesterone- anterior pituitary. Estrogen - Follicle cells of the ovary.
Explain the functions of growth hormone and thyroxin as they are related to growth. -
CORRECT ANSWER - Increases rate of mitosis, amino acid transport into cells, increase
protein synthesis and increase use of fat for energy. Thyroxin - increases energy production from
all food types - increases rate of protein synthesis.
Explain the direct stimulus for: Thyroxin - CORRECT ANSWER - TSH
Explain the direct stimulus for: Insulin - CORRECT ANSWER - Hyperglycemia
Cortisol - CORRECT ANSWER - ACTH during physiological stress
PTH - CORRECT ANSWER - Hypocalcaemia stimulates secretion
Aldosterone - CORRECT ANSWER - Low blood NA+, low blood pressure, vitamin K
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Explain negative feedback - CORRECT ANSWER - Helps maintain homeostasis.
Examples: When body is hot, blood vessels dilate. If this doesn't work, you sweat.
Name two hormones stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Where are these hormones produced?
State their functions. - CORRECT ANSWER - ADH - conserve body water, prevent blood
loss. Oxytocin - stimulates contraction of the uterus at the end of pregnancy.
Name two hormones of the anterior pituitary that affect the ovaries and testes. - CORRECT
ANSWER - FSH - initiates sperm production in men; stimulates growth of ovarian
follicles in women. LH - Luteinizing hormone - ovulation
Explain the antagonistic effects of PTH and calcitonin on bones and blood calcium levels. -
CORRECT ANSWER - PTH increases reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bones
to blood, thereby raising their blood levels.
Explain the antagonistic effects of insulin and glucagon on the liver and on blood glucose levels.
- CORRECT ANSWER - Glucagon stimulates the liver to change glycogen to glucose and
to increase the use of fats and excess amino acids for energy production. Insulin decreases its
level promoting the use of glucose for energy production.
Describe how cortisol affects the use of foods for energy. Explain the anti-inflammatory effects
of cortisol. - CORRECT ANSWER - Glucocorticoid increases the use of fats and excess
amino acids. Cortisol blocks the effects of histamine and stabilizes lysomal membranes.
State the effect of aldosterone on the kidneys. Describe the result of this effect on the
composition of blood. - CORRECT ANSWER - Aldosterone - mineralcorticoids - increase
the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium by the kidney tubules. When sodium
ions are reabsorbed, excess H+ ions can be excreted preventing acidosis.
, When are epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted. Describe the effects of these hormones. -
CORRECT ANSWER - Secreted in stress situations and help prepare for fight or flight.
Epinephrine increases heart rate, dilates bronchioles, and stimulates the liver to change glycogen
to glucose. Norapenephrine - vasoconstriction in the skin, viscera, and skeletal muscles.
Name the hormones necessary for development of eggs in the ovaries. Name the hormones
necessary for development in the testes. - CORRECT ANSWER - FSH - stimulates growth
of ovarian follicles. Initiates growth of sperm in testes.
State what prostaglandins are made from. State three functions. - CORRECT ANSWER -
Made from phosolipids of virtually all cells. Functions: Inflammation, pain mechanisms, blood
clotting, vasoconstriction, and contraction of the uterus.
Name the hormones that promote growth of the endometrium of the uterus in preparation for a
fertilized egg and state precisely where each hormone is produced. - CORRECT
ANSWER - Progesterone- anterior pituitary. Estrogen - Follicle cells of the ovary.
Explain the functions of growth hormone and thyroxin as they are related to growth. -
CORRECT ANSWER - Increases rate of mitosis, amino acid transport into cells, increase
protein synthesis and increase use of fat for energy. Thyroxin - increases energy production from
all food types - increases rate of protein synthesis.
Explain the direct stimulus for: Thyroxin - CORRECT ANSWER - TSH
Explain the direct stimulus for: Insulin - CORRECT ANSWER - Hyperglycemia
Cortisol - CORRECT ANSWER - ACTH during physiological stress
PTH - CORRECT ANSWER - Hypocalcaemia stimulates secretion
Aldosterone - CORRECT ANSWER - Low blood NA+, low blood pressure, vitamin K
