PNP301 test 2 Latest Examination with
Guaranteed Pass Solutions (2025-2026)
Updated.
MS (multiple sclerosis) - Answer progressive demyelination of the neurons in the brain, sc +
cranial nerves -- characterized by remissions and exacerbations.
MS: pathophysiology - Answer -Demyelination interrupts the flow of nerve impulses
-lesions create an inflammatory response + attack neurons (immune-mediated response on the
CNS)
-Plaques appear on demyelinated axons, further interrupting the transmission of nerve impulses
-Eventually the axons begin to degenerate, resulting in permanent and irreversible damage from
scarring and plaques
MS: etiology - Answer - genetic =affects european pop.,
- immunologic =viral infections + abnormal immune response
- environmental =temperate climate
*Onset b/w 20-40 years of age (peak 30)
- more common in women (2:1)
MS: S/S - Answer Depends on the demyelinated area...
-weakness in legs
-diplopia
-scotoma
-dysarthia
-paresthesia
-sensory deficits
-chronic fatigue
MS: early sign - Answer blurred vision
, MS: diagnostic tests - Answer No definitive test = often delayed diagnosis
-history of exacerbations + remissions + absence of other neurologic criteria are used for initial
diagnosis ....
* MRI for detection and monitoring of CNS lesions
* CSF analysis = INCREASED protein, gamma glob., lymphocytes
*Tomography = optic + retinal nerves are early targets in MS
Diplopia - Answer double vision
Scotoma - Answer dark spot in the visual field
Dysarthia - Answer difficulty forming words; articulated speech
paresthesia - Answer abnormal tactile sensation often described as creeping, burning, tingling,
or numbness
PD (Parkinson's Disease) - Answer affected motor function through loss of extrapyramidal
activity.
PD: pathophysiology - Answer • Disruption in neurotransmitters: degeneration of dopamine-
producing neurons in substantia nigra of midbrain disrupts balance of dopamine & acetylcholine
• excess stimulation (of ACh) affects movement, muscle tone + posture.
- decreased # of cortical neurons
PD: etiology - Answer *primary idiopathic = after 60 years of age
*secondary = from trauma, vascular disease or encephalitis
-occurs in both men and women
-damaging effects of toxins + viruses on cells ie. carbon monoxide, pesticides...
*Drug-induced Parkinson's --> Phenothiazines
PD: S/S - Answer - tremors in hands @ rest
Guaranteed Pass Solutions (2025-2026)
Updated.
MS (multiple sclerosis) - Answer progressive demyelination of the neurons in the brain, sc +
cranial nerves -- characterized by remissions and exacerbations.
MS: pathophysiology - Answer -Demyelination interrupts the flow of nerve impulses
-lesions create an inflammatory response + attack neurons (immune-mediated response on the
CNS)
-Plaques appear on demyelinated axons, further interrupting the transmission of nerve impulses
-Eventually the axons begin to degenerate, resulting in permanent and irreversible damage from
scarring and plaques
MS: etiology - Answer - genetic =affects european pop.,
- immunologic =viral infections + abnormal immune response
- environmental =temperate climate
*Onset b/w 20-40 years of age (peak 30)
- more common in women (2:1)
MS: S/S - Answer Depends on the demyelinated area...
-weakness in legs
-diplopia
-scotoma
-dysarthia
-paresthesia
-sensory deficits
-chronic fatigue
MS: early sign - Answer blurred vision
, MS: diagnostic tests - Answer No definitive test = often delayed diagnosis
-history of exacerbations + remissions + absence of other neurologic criteria are used for initial
diagnosis ....
* MRI for detection and monitoring of CNS lesions
* CSF analysis = INCREASED protein, gamma glob., lymphocytes
*Tomography = optic + retinal nerves are early targets in MS
Diplopia - Answer double vision
Scotoma - Answer dark spot in the visual field
Dysarthia - Answer difficulty forming words; articulated speech
paresthesia - Answer abnormal tactile sensation often described as creeping, burning, tingling,
or numbness
PD (Parkinson's Disease) - Answer affected motor function through loss of extrapyramidal
activity.
PD: pathophysiology - Answer • Disruption in neurotransmitters: degeneration of dopamine-
producing neurons in substantia nigra of midbrain disrupts balance of dopamine & acetylcholine
• excess stimulation (of ACh) affects movement, muscle tone + posture.
- decreased # of cortical neurons
PD: etiology - Answer *primary idiopathic = after 60 years of age
*secondary = from trauma, vascular disease or encephalitis
-occurs in both men and women
-damaging effects of toxins + viruses on cells ie. carbon monoxide, pesticides...
*Drug-induced Parkinson's --> Phenothiazines
PD: S/S - Answer - tremors in hands @ rest
