NUR /
635
/ /
Advanced
/ /
Pharmacology
/ /
Midterm
/ /
Exam Questions With Correct Answers
/ // // // //
Pharmacology //- //verified //answer(s)-
✔✔the /
/study /
/of /
/drugs /
/and /
/their /
/structure, /
/targets /
/of /
/action, /
/mechanisms /
/of /
/action /
/(MOA), /
/distribution /
/(how /
/the /
/body /
/disburses /
/them /
/throughout /
/the //body), //desired //physiologic //effects //(efficacy) //and //undesirable //side //effects //(toxicity).
,Pharmacokinetics //includes //the //following: //- //verified //answer(s)-
✔✔ADME //(absorption, //distribution, //metabolism //and //elimination).
Pharmacokinetics //is... //- //verified //answer(s)-✔✔How //the //body //effects //the //drug
Absorption //- //verified //answer(s)-
✔✔absorption /
/from //the //administration //site //either //directly //or //indirectly //into //the //blood/plasma.
Distribution //- //verified //answer(s)-
✔✔reversibly/irreversibly /
/movement //of //drug //from //the //bloodstream //into //the //interstitial //and //intracellular //fluid.
Metabolism //- //verified //answer(s)-
✔✔drug /
/biotransformation //via //metabolic //pathways, //primarily //the //liver, //or //by //other //tissues.
Elimination //- //verified //answer(s)-
✔✔how //parent //drug //& //its //metabolites //are //eliminated //from //the //body
Absorption //factors //- //verified //answer(s)-✔✔· //Gastrointestinal //pH //changes
· //Gastric //emptying
· //Gastric/intestinal //enzymes
· //Bile //acids //& //biliary //function
· //Gastrointestinal //flora //(type //and //quantity //of //bacteria)
·/
/Food //& //nutrient //interactions //(most //common //interaction //influencing //GI //drug //absorption)
· //Lipid //solubility //of //the //drug
,Distribution //factors //- //verified //answer(s)-
✔✔· //Membrane //permeability: //Cross //membranes //to //site //of //action
· //Blood //brain //barrier //reduces //the //speed //of //drug //passage //into //and //out //of //brain //tissue
·/
/Plasma /
/protein /
/binding: /
/drugs /
/bound /
/to /
/plasma //proteins //do //not //cross //membranes //(Note: //Malnutrition //= //âalbumin //= //á //free //drug
//= //greater //pharmacologic //response)
· //Aging //cause //a //reduction //in //production //of //plasma //proteins
·/
/Lipophilicity /
/of /
/drug: /
/lipophilic /
/drugs //concentrate //in //adipose //tissue; //remain //in //the //body //for //a //longer //period //of //time
Volume //of //distribution //- //verified //answer(s)-✔✔· //Body //Composition
// //- Increased //Total //body //water //and //extracellular //fluid
// -Decreased //Adipose //tissue //and //skeletal //muscle
· //Protein //Binding //(changes //with //aging)
// -Albumin, //bilirubin, //a1-acid //glycoprotein
// -Albumin //affected //by //nutrition
-Low //albumin //(hypoalbuminemia) //can //cause //less //protein-
//
bound //drug //reaching //the //tissue //site //of //action.
· //Tissue //Binding
// //- Compositional //changes
, Metabolism //factors //- //verified //answer(s)-
✔✔o //Drugs //can //undergo //metabolism //in //the //lungs, //blood, //liver, //intestines //and //kidney
o //Volatile //drugs //are //primarily //excreted //by //the //lungs
·/
/The /
/body /
/changes /
/drugs /
/to /
/more /
/or //less //active //forms //(metabolites), //increases //water //solubility //to //increase //elimination.
Phase //1 //Metabolism //- //verified //answer(s)-✔✔· //Cytochrome //P450 //system
· //Located //within //the //endoplasmic //reticulum //of //hepatocytes.
·/
/Through /
/electron /
/transport //chain, //a //drug //bound //to //the //CYP450 //system //undergoes //oxidation //or //reduction.
· //Drug //metabolism //in //the //liver //is //also //affected //by:
-Enzyme //induction
- //Drug //interactions
CYP450 //- //verified //answer(s)-
✔✔· //CYP: //a //set //of //isozymes //primarily //found //in //the //liver //and //GI //tract
· //Convert //lipophilic //drugs //into //more //polar //(and //soluble) //molecules
· //Considerable //genetic //variability //exists //across //race //and //gender
· //Results //in //CYP450 //polymorphisms //which //have //a //direct //effect //on //drug //metabolism.
Four /
/isozymes /
635
/ /
Advanced
/ /
Pharmacology
/ /
Midterm
/ /
Exam Questions With Correct Answers
/ // // // //
Pharmacology //- //verified //answer(s)-
✔✔the /
/study /
/of /
/drugs /
/and /
/their /
/structure, /
/targets /
/of /
/action, /
/mechanisms /
/of /
/action /
/(MOA), /
/distribution /
/(how /
/the /
/body /
/disburses /
/them /
/throughout /
/the //body), //desired //physiologic //effects //(efficacy) //and //undesirable //side //effects //(toxicity).
,Pharmacokinetics //includes //the //following: //- //verified //answer(s)-
✔✔ADME //(absorption, //distribution, //metabolism //and //elimination).
Pharmacokinetics //is... //- //verified //answer(s)-✔✔How //the //body //effects //the //drug
Absorption //- //verified //answer(s)-
✔✔absorption /
/from //the //administration //site //either //directly //or //indirectly //into //the //blood/plasma.
Distribution //- //verified //answer(s)-
✔✔reversibly/irreversibly /
/movement //of //drug //from //the //bloodstream //into //the //interstitial //and //intracellular //fluid.
Metabolism //- //verified //answer(s)-
✔✔drug /
/biotransformation //via //metabolic //pathways, //primarily //the //liver, //or //by //other //tissues.
Elimination //- //verified //answer(s)-
✔✔how //parent //drug //& //its //metabolites //are //eliminated //from //the //body
Absorption //factors //- //verified //answer(s)-✔✔· //Gastrointestinal //pH //changes
· //Gastric //emptying
· //Gastric/intestinal //enzymes
· //Bile //acids //& //biliary //function
· //Gastrointestinal //flora //(type //and //quantity //of //bacteria)
·/
/Food //& //nutrient //interactions //(most //common //interaction //influencing //GI //drug //absorption)
· //Lipid //solubility //of //the //drug
,Distribution //factors //- //verified //answer(s)-
✔✔· //Membrane //permeability: //Cross //membranes //to //site //of //action
· //Blood //brain //barrier //reduces //the //speed //of //drug //passage //into //and //out //of //brain //tissue
·/
/Plasma /
/protein /
/binding: /
/drugs /
/bound /
/to /
/plasma //proteins //do //not //cross //membranes //(Note: //Malnutrition //= //âalbumin //= //á //free //drug
//= //greater //pharmacologic //response)
· //Aging //cause //a //reduction //in //production //of //plasma //proteins
·/
/Lipophilicity /
/of /
/drug: /
/lipophilic /
/drugs //concentrate //in //adipose //tissue; //remain //in //the //body //for //a //longer //period //of //time
Volume //of //distribution //- //verified //answer(s)-✔✔· //Body //Composition
// //- Increased //Total //body //water //and //extracellular //fluid
// -Decreased //Adipose //tissue //and //skeletal //muscle
· //Protein //Binding //(changes //with //aging)
// -Albumin, //bilirubin, //a1-acid //glycoprotein
// -Albumin //affected //by //nutrition
-Low //albumin //(hypoalbuminemia) //can //cause //less //protein-
//
bound //drug //reaching //the //tissue //site //of //action.
· //Tissue //Binding
// //- Compositional //changes
, Metabolism //factors //- //verified //answer(s)-
✔✔o //Drugs //can //undergo //metabolism //in //the //lungs, //blood, //liver, //intestines //and //kidney
o //Volatile //drugs //are //primarily //excreted //by //the //lungs
·/
/The /
/body /
/changes /
/drugs /
/to /
/more /
/or //less //active //forms //(metabolites), //increases //water //solubility //to //increase //elimination.
Phase //1 //Metabolism //- //verified //answer(s)-✔✔· //Cytochrome //P450 //system
· //Located //within //the //endoplasmic //reticulum //of //hepatocytes.
·/
/Through /
/electron /
/transport //chain, //a //drug //bound //to //the //CYP450 //system //undergoes //oxidation //or //reduction.
· //Drug //metabolism //in //the //liver //is //also //affected //by:
-Enzyme //induction
- //Drug //interactions
CYP450 //- //verified //answer(s)-
✔✔· //CYP: //a //set //of //isozymes //primarily //found //in //the //liver //and //GI //tract
· //Convert //lipophilic //drugs //into //more //polar //(and //soluble) //molecules
· //Considerable //genetic //variability //exists //across //race //and //gender
· //Results //in //CYP450 //polymorphisms //which //have //a //direct //effect //on //drug //metabolism.
Four /
/isozymes /
