NSG 100 Final Exam V1
• What are the four categories of microorganisms?: BacteriaViruses: nucleic acid, must
enter living cells to reproduce
Fungi: plant-like organisms present in air, soil, and waterParasites: live on other organisms
• What kind of infection causes microorganisms to grow and multiply butdoes not cause
disease?: Colonization
For example, MRSA
• T/F: A fomite is an inanimate object used for the transmission of a patho-genic agent.:
True, during vehicle borne transmission
• T/F: A vector can be salivary fluid: True, it can also be an animal, insect orinjection
• Transmission based precautions breaks what link in the chain of infec-tion?: Reservoir to
the portal of exit of the reservoir
• What are the steps in the chain of infection?: 1. Infectious Agent
2. Reservoir
3. Portal of Exit
4. Mode of Transmission
5. Portal of Entry
6. Susceptible Host
What are the factors that affect host susceptibility?: 1. Age
2. Nutritional Status
3. Stress
4. Disease Process
5. Tx or conditions that affect the immune response
• What is the protective and vascular reaction fluids, nutrients and bloodproducts to
interstitial tissues during injury?: Inflammatory response
• What are examples of pathogens?: Exotoxins, endotoxins, enzymes, chemi-cals and
extracellular capsules
• In what stage of infection does the organism begin growing and multiply-ing? Hint: Pt is
asymptomatic at this point.: Incubation period
• A compromised immune system, recent abdominal/chest sx, presence of urinary/IV cath,
prolonged abx use and lengthy hospital stay are all risk factors for what?: Hospital acquired
, infection
• What are examples of sterilization?: Moist heatGas
Boiling waterRadiation
• What lab values would indicate an infection in the body?: Elevated WBCcount (NR:
5000-10000/mm3)
Increase in specific type of WBC Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation ratePresence of
pathogen in culture
• What happens to Procalcitonin during an infection?: It increases dramatical-ly. This is also a
sign of a systematic infection.
• What is a trough is antibiotic use?: The minimum blood level of abx
• What is gas exchange?: O2 diffuses into blood, CO2 diffuses out of blood
• What systems are involved in gas exchange?: Neurologic, respiratory andcardiovascular
• What is oxygenation?: It is the process of delivering oxygen to the blood.
• The exchange of O2 and CO2 b/w the alveoli in the lungs and capillaries inthe pulmonary
circulatory system is known as what?: External respiration
• Ventilation and respiration can be impaired by: then unavailability of oxygennasopharynx
and lung disorders
broken bones/fracturesnarrowed airway
poor gas diffusion in the alveoli
• This occurs when there is an insufficient number and quality of erythrocytes or when the
amount of hemoglobin is low: Altered transport
• The ability of blood to transport oxygen containing hemoglobin to cellsand return carbon
dioxide containing hemoglobin to the alveoli is known as?: Perfusion
• What can cause altered or inadequate perfusion?: Decreased cardiac outputThrombus or
emboli
Vessel narrowing or vasoconstrictionBlood loss
• Oxygen dissolved in plasma is measured clinically by: PaO2 or partialpressure
• Oxygen attached to hemoglobin is measured clinically by: Saturation ofarterial
hemoglobin or SaO2 directly
SPO2 indirectly
• Children under the age of 6 breathe primarily with their: diaphragm; decreas-es when
intercostal muscles develop
• What are the four categories of microorganisms?: BacteriaViruses: nucleic acid, must
enter living cells to reproduce
Fungi: plant-like organisms present in air, soil, and waterParasites: live on other organisms
• What kind of infection causes microorganisms to grow and multiply butdoes not cause
disease?: Colonization
For example, MRSA
• T/F: A fomite is an inanimate object used for the transmission of a patho-genic agent.:
True, during vehicle borne transmission
• T/F: A vector can be salivary fluid: True, it can also be an animal, insect orinjection
• Transmission based precautions breaks what link in the chain of infec-tion?: Reservoir to
the portal of exit of the reservoir
• What are the steps in the chain of infection?: 1. Infectious Agent
2. Reservoir
3. Portal of Exit
4. Mode of Transmission
5. Portal of Entry
6. Susceptible Host
What are the factors that affect host susceptibility?: 1. Age
2. Nutritional Status
3. Stress
4. Disease Process
5. Tx or conditions that affect the immune response
• What is the protective and vascular reaction fluids, nutrients and bloodproducts to
interstitial tissues during injury?: Inflammatory response
• What are examples of pathogens?: Exotoxins, endotoxins, enzymes, chemi-cals and
extracellular capsules
• In what stage of infection does the organism begin growing and multiply-ing? Hint: Pt is
asymptomatic at this point.: Incubation period
• A compromised immune system, recent abdominal/chest sx, presence of urinary/IV cath,
prolonged abx use and lengthy hospital stay are all risk factors for what?: Hospital acquired
, infection
• What are examples of sterilization?: Moist heatGas
Boiling waterRadiation
• What lab values would indicate an infection in the body?: Elevated WBCcount (NR:
5000-10000/mm3)
Increase in specific type of WBC Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation ratePresence of
pathogen in culture
• What happens to Procalcitonin during an infection?: It increases dramatical-ly. This is also a
sign of a systematic infection.
• What is a trough is antibiotic use?: The minimum blood level of abx
• What is gas exchange?: O2 diffuses into blood, CO2 diffuses out of blood
• What systems are involved in gas exchange?: Neurologic, respiratory andcardiovascular
• What is oxygenation?: It is the process of delivering oxygen to the blood.
• The exchange of O2 and CO2 b/w the alveoli in the lungs and capillaries inthe pulmonary
circulatory system is known as what?: External respiration
• Ventilation and respiration can be impaired by: then unavailability of oxygennasopharynx
and lung disorders
broken bones/fracturesnarrowed airway
poor gas diffusion in the alveoli
• This occurs when there is an insufficient number and quality of erythrocytes or when the
amount of hemoglobin is low: Altered transport
• The ability of blood to transport oxygen containing hemoglobin to cellsand return carbon
dioxide containing hemoglobin to the alveoli is known as?: Perfusion
• What can cause altered or inadequate perfusion?: Decreased cardiac outputThrombus or
emboli
Vessel narrowing or vasoconstrictionBlood loss
• Oxygen dissolved in plasma is measured clinically by: PaO2 or partialpressure
• Oxygen attached to hemoglobin is measured clinically by: Saturation ofarterial
hemoglobin or SaO2 directly
SPO2 indirectly
• Children under the age of 6 breathe primarily with their: diaphragm; decreas-es when
intercostal muscles develop
