NU 180 Nursing and Healthcare II – Week 6
Exam 2025-2026 Questions and Answers
Graded A+ LATEST
What is the primary cause of COPD?
smoking
What genetic condition is linked to early-onset COPD?
alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
describe the pathophysiology of COPD
Chronic inflammation causes airway narrowing, alveolar damage (emphysema),
and mucus overproduction (chronic bronchitis).
What are common symptoms of COPD?
Dyspnea, chronic cough, sputum production, barrel chest, accessory muscle use.
,What spirometry findings confirm COPD?
FEV1/FVC ratio <70%
What tools assess COPD symptom severity?
mMRC Dyspnea Scale, COPD Assessment Test (CAT)
What is the most important intervention to prevent COPD progression?
smoking cessation
Name two classes of long-term maintenance inhalers for COPD.
LABAs (e.g., salmeterol), LAMAs (e.g., tiotropium)
What are benefits of pulmonary rehab for COPD patients?
Improves exercise tolerance, reduces dyspnea, provides education and support.
List common asthma triggers.
Allergens, exercise, cold air, stress, infections, GERD, menses
,Describe asthma pathophysiology.
Inflammation leads to bronchial hyperresponsiveness, bronchoconstriction, mucus
secretion.
What are the hallmark signs of asthma?
Wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, cough (especially at night or early
morning)
What class is salbutamol (albuterol), and when is it used?
SABA; used as a rescue inhaler
What is the role of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma?
Long-term control of inflammation
Which type of inhaler should be used daily for asthma maintenance?
Controller inhalers (e.g., ICS, LABAs)
, What does Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) measure?
The maximum airflow during forced exhalation
What should patients do before spirometry?
Hold bronchodilators for 6-12 hours before the test
What spirometry change confirms reversible airway obstruction (asthma)?
Increase in FEV1 ≥12% after bronchodilator
What are the correct steps to using an MDI?
Shake, exhale, seal lips, inhale slowly while pressing, hold breath 10 seconds, wait
30 seconds between puffs.
List two common MDI technique errors.
Inhaling too quickly; not holding breath after inhalation
Why should beta-blockers be used cautiously in asthma/COPD?
Exam 2025-2026 Questions and Answers
Graded A+ LATEST
What is the primary cause of COPD?
smoking
What genetic condition is linked to early-onset COPD?
alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
describe the pathophysiology of COPD
Chronic inflammation causes airway narrowing, alveolar damage (emphysema),
and mucus overproduction (chronic bronchitis).
What are common symptoms of COPD?
Dyspnea, chronic cough, sputum production, barrel chest, accessory muscle use.
,What spirometry findings confirm COPD?
FEV1/FVC ratio <70%
What tools assess COPD symptom severity?
mMRC Dyspnea Scale, COPD Assessment Test (CAT)
What is the most important intervention to prevent COPD progression?
smoking cessation
Name two classes of long-term maintenance inhalers for COPD.
LABAs (e.g., salmeterol), LAMAs (e.g., tiotropium)
What are benefits of pulmonary rehab for COPD patients?
Improves exercise tolerance, reduces dyspnea, provides education and support.
List common asthma triggers.
Allergens, exercise, cold air, stress, infections, GERD, menses
,Describe asthma pathophysiology.
Inflammation leads to bronchial hyperresponsiveness, bronchoconstriction, mucus
secretion.
What are the hallmark signs of asthma?
Wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, cough (especially at night or early
morning)
What class is salbutamol (albuterol), and when is it used?
SABA; used as a rescue inhaler
What is the role of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma?
Long-term control of inflammation
Which type of inhaler should be used daily for asthma maintenance?
Controller inhalers (e.g., ICS, LABAs)
, What does Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) measure?
The maximum airflow during forced exhalation
What should patients do before spirometry?
Hold bronchodilators for 6-12 hours before the test
What spirometry change confirms reversible airway obstruction (asthma)?
Increase in FEV1 ≥12% after bronchodilator
What are the correct steps to using an MDI?
Shake, exhale, seal lips, inhale slowly while pressing, hold breath 10 seconds, wait
30 seconds between puffs.
List two common MDI technique errors.
Inhaling too quickly; not holding breath after inhalation
Why should beta-blockers be used cautiously in asthma/COPD?
