HKIN 191 MIDTERM 1 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
What is VO2? - Answer -oxygen consumption
What is a MET? - Answer -Metabolic equivalent
1 MET = 3.5 ml/kg/min
What is absolute VO2 max? - Answer -maximum amount of oxygen consumed - L/min
What is relative VO2 max? - Answer -maximum amount of oxygen consumed relative
to body mass - mlO2/kg/min
How do you calculate relative VO2 from absolute VO2? - Answer -divide absolute VO2
by kg
How do you calculate absolute VO2 from relative VO2? - Answer -multiply relative VO2
by kg
How do you calculate relative VO2 from METS? - Answer -multiply METS by 3.5
How do you calculate METS from relative VO2? - Answer -divide relative VO2 by 3.5
How do you calculate total VO2(L) consumed? - Answer -multiply VO2 (L/min) by time
(min)
How do you calculate kcal burned during exercise? - Answer -multiply total VO2
consumed by 5
What is homeostasis? - Answer -maintenance of a constant internal environment
normal resting conditions
What is a steady state? - Answer -the balance between demands placed on the body
and the physiological response to those demands
What is the goal of the control systems of the body? - Answer -to regulate some
physiological variable at or near a constant value
What is a biological control system? - Answer -series of interconnected components
that serve to maintain a physical or chemical parameter at or near a constant
What does a receptor do? - Answer -capable of detecting changes
What does an integrating centre do? - Answer -assesses input and initiates a response
What does an effector do? - Answer -corrects changes to internal environment
, What system do most biological systems operate via? - Answer -negative feedback
system
What is a negative feedback system? - Answer -the response of the control system is
opposite to the stimulus
the response reverses the initial disturbance in homestasis
What is metabolism? - Answer -sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
What is an anabolic reaction? - Answer -synthesis of molecules
What is a catabolic reaction? - Answer -breakdown of molecules
What is an endergonic reaction? - Answer -reaction that requires energy to be added
What is an exergonic reaction? - Answer -reaction that releases energy
What are coupled reactions? - Answer -liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction
drives an endergonic reaction
How is ATP the energy currency of the body? - Answer -extracted energy from ATP is
used to power all forms of biological work
What are the characteristics of an anaerobic pathway? - Answer --does not require O2
-CP breakdown and glycolysis
-degradation of glucose and glycogen
What are the characteristics of an aerobic pathway? - Answer --requires O2
-oxidative re-synthesis
-oxidative phosphorolation
What are the 3 bioenergetic systems of ATP regeneration? - Answer -1. Phosphagen
system - anaerobic
2. Glycolysis system - anaerobic
3. Oxidative phosphorylation - aerobic
What are the 2 key equations of the phosphagen system? - Answer -1. ATP-CP system
ATP --> ADP + Pi + energy
CP --> C + Pi + energy
energy + ADP + Pi --> ATP
2. Adenylate kinase system
ADP+ + ADP --> ATP + AMP*
+stimulates glycolysis
*strong stimulator of glycolysis
What is VO2? - Answer -oxygen consumption
What is a MET? - Answer -Metabolic equivalent
1 MET = 3.5 ml/kg/min
What is absolute VO2 max? - Answer -maximum amount of oxygen consumed - L/min
What is relative VO2 max? - Answer -maximum amount of oxygen consumed relative
to body mass - mlO2/kg/min
How do you calculate relative VO2 from absolute VO2? - Answer -divide absolute VO2
by kg
How do you calculate absolute VO2 from relative VO2? - Answer -multiply relative VO2
by kg
How do you calculate relative VO2 from METS? - Answer -multiply METS by 3.5
How do you calculate METS from relative VO2? - Answer -divide relative VO2 by 3.5
How do you calculate total VO2(L) consumed? - Answer -multiply VO2 (L/min) by time
(min)
How do you calculate kcal burned during exercise? - Answer -multiply total VO2
consumed by 5
What is homeostasis? - Answer -maintenance of a constant internal environment
normal resting conditions
What is a steady state? - Answer -the balance between demands placed on the body
and the physiological response to those demands
What is the goal of the control systems of the body? - Answer -to regulate some
physiological variable at or near a constant value
What is a biological control system? - Answer -series of interconnected components
that serve to maintain a physical or chemical parameter at or near a constant
What does a receptor do? - Answer -capable of detecting changes
What does an integrating centre do? - Answer -assesses input and initiates a response
What does an effector do? - Answer -corrects changes to internal environment
, What system do most biological systems operate via? - Answer -negative feedback
system
What is a negative feedback system? - Answer -the response of the control system is
opposite to the stimulus
the response reverses the initial disturbance in homestasis
What is metabolism? - Answer -sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
What is an anabolic reaction? - Answer -synthesis of molecules
What is a catabolic reaction? - Answer -breakdown of molecules
What is an endergonic reaction? - Answer -reaction that requires energy to be added
What is an exergonic reaction? - Answer -reaction that releases energy
What are coupled reactions? - Answer -liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction
drives an endergonic reaction
How is ATP the energy currency of the body? - Answer -extracted energy from ATP is
used to power all forms of biological work
What are the characteristics of an anaerobic pathway? - Answer --does not require O2
-CP breakdown and glycolysis
-degradation of glucose and glycogen
What are the characteristics of an aerobic pathway? - Answer --requires O2
-oxidative re-synthesis
-oxidative phosphorolation
What are the 3 bioenergetic systems of ATP regeneration? - Answer -1. Phosphagen
system - anaerobic
2. Glycolysis system - anaerobic
3. Oxidative phosphorylation - aerobic
What are the 2 key equations of the phosphagen system? - Answer -1. ATP-CP system
ATP --> ADP + Pi + energy
CP --> C + Pi + energy
energy + ADP + Pi --> ATP
2. Adenylate kinase system
ADP+ + ADP --> ATP + AMP*
+stimulates glycolysis
*strong stimulator of glycolysis
