NUR 305: Pathophysiology Final Exam
Questions and Actual Detailed
Answers (2025-2026) Updated.
define cellular injury - Answer cells that no longer maintain homeostasis
causes of cellular injury - Answer hypoxic cell injury
free radical
physical agents
chemical injury
infectious agents
injurious immo reactions
genetic defects
nutritional imbalances
changes that occur during cellular injury - Answer dysfunction of Na+/K+ pump
loss of plasma membrane integrity
defects in protein synthesis ability
intracellular accumulations
genetic damage
dysfunction of Na+/K+ pump - Answer when the cells unable to produce sufficient ATP,
functions are reduced
EX: failure to active transport mechanisms
loss of plasma membrane integrity - Answer when a breach occurs, injurious agents can affect
any of the organelle
EX: water can enter = swelling
EX: mitochondria can be damaged = stop energy production
defects in protein synthesis ability - Answer dwindling ATP
,genetic damage - Answer mutations
atrophy - Answer decrease in cell size
occurs when the cells environment cannot support its metabolic requirements
EX: shrinking of skeletal muscle cells - paralysis
hypertrophy - Answer increase in cell size
EX: physiologic hypertrophy: increase in cell size WITH increase in supportive structures -
strength training
EX: pathological hypertrophy: increase in cell size WITHOUT increase in supportive structures -
hypertension
hyperplasia - Answer increasing the number of cells
EX: pregnancy - stimulated by hormones
EX (mal): scars
metaplasia - Answer replacement of one cell type of another cell type
EX: stomach
dysplasia - Answer range of cellular growth winter a specific tissue
EX: chronic inflammation of precancerous condition
neoplasia - Answer new growth & disorganized cell growth = cancerous
can be benign or malignant
two types of cell deaths - Answer apoptosis
necrosis
apoptosis - Answer programed cell death
EX: menopause
, interventions for cell injury - Answer cadaver
stem cell
cell cloning
ischemia - Answer reduced blood flow
gangrene - Answer dead tissue for certain types of bacteria
what is the nurses role in preventing cellular injury? - Answer EX: The nurse's role in caring for
the patient with a hypoxic or cellular injury is mainly focused on maintaining proper blood blow
throughout body, while observing signs of deterioration.
DNA - Answer the double helical structure that can be broken down into nucleotides
nucleotide - Answer a combination of pentose sugar molecules, phosphate, and a purine or
pyrimidine
(nitrogen base: A, T, G, C)
codons - Answer the arrangement of three specific DNA basis
gene locus - Answer location on a chromsome
heterozygous alleles - Answer different codes for genetic traits
homozygous alleles - Answer identical codes for genetic traits
karyotype - Answer refers to a picture of the chromosomes are contained with the DNA of the
species
human = 23
genotype - Answer individual technical genetic make up
Questions and Actual Detailed
Answers (2025-2026) Updated.
define cellular injury - Answer cells that no longer maintain homeostasis
causes of cellular injury - Answer hypoxic cell injury
free radical
physical agents
chemical injury
infectious agents
injurious immo reactions
genetic defects
nutritional imbalances
changes that occur during cellular injury - Answer dysfunction of Na+/K+ pump
loss of plasma membrane integrity
defects in protein synthesis ability
intracellular accumulations
genetic damage
dysfunction of Na+/K+ pump - Answer when the cells unable to produce sufficient ATP,
functions are reduced
EX: failure to active transport mechanisms
loss of plasma membrane integrity - Answer when a breach occurs, injurious agents can affect
any of the organelle
EX: water can enter = swelling
EX: mitochondria can be damaged = stop energy production
defects in protein synthesis ability - Answer dwindling ATP
,genetic damage - Answer mutations
atrophy - Answer decrease in cell size
occurs when the cells environment cannot support its metabolic requirements
EX: shrinking of skeletal muscle cells - paralysis
hypertrophy - Answer increase in cell size
EX: physiologic hypertrophy: increase in cell size WITH increase in supportive structures -
strength training
EX: pathological hypertrophy: increase in cell size WITHOUT increase in supportive structures -
hypertension
hyperplasia - Answer increasing the number of cells
EX: pregnancy - stimulated by hormones
EX (mal): scars
metaplasia - Answer replacement of one cell type of another cell type
EX: stomach
dysplasia - Answer range of cellular growth winter a specific tissue
EX: chronic inflammation of precancerous condition
neoplasia - Answer new growth & disorganized cell growth = cancerous
can be benign or malignant
two types of cell deaths - Answer apoptosis
necrosis
apoptosis - Answer programed cell death
EX: menopause
, interventions for cell injury - Answer cadaver
stem cell
cell cloning
ischemia - Answer reduced blood flow
gangrene - Answer dead tissue for certain types of bacteria
what is the nurses role in preventing cellular injury? - Answer EX: The nurse's role in caring for
the patient with a hypoxic or cellular injury is mainly focused on maintaining proper blood blow
throughout body, while observing signs of deterioration.
DNA - Answer the double helical structure that can be broken down into nucleotides
nucleotide - Answer a combination of pentose sugar molecules, phosphate, and a purine or
pyrimidine
(nitrogen base: A, T, G, C)
codons - Answer the arrangement of three specific DNA basis
gene locus - Answer location on a chromsome
heterozygous alleles - Answer different codes for genetic traits
homozygous alleles - Answer identical codes for genetic traits
karyotype - Answer refers to a picture of the chromosomes are contained with the DNA of the
species
human = 23
genotype - Answer individual technical genetic make up
