BIOD351 PHARMACOLOGY MODULE 1 EXAM (2025/2026) QUESTIONS AND (elaborated)
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS!
True/False. A virus is considered a microorganism. - ✔✔False True or False: The smallest
biological unit of life is the molecule. - ✔✔False At a generalized level, all cells are
comprised of what? - ✔✔Macromolecules A student may also answer: Proteins, Lipids,
Nucleic acids and Polysaccharides but they must answer with all four to be fully correct.
Proteins are formed from various combinations of _______ of which there are ______ known
forms. - ✔✔1. Amino acids 2. 20 How many amino acids are classified as being essential
amino acids? - ✔✔9 The plasma membrane (select all that are true): A. Restricts
movement of materials in and out of the cell B. Is often a triple layer comprised of lipids C.
Prevents essential nutrients from escaping D. Contains hydrophobic tails pointing outward
- ✔✔A;C Complete the following DNA strand, and indicate how many bonds are formed for
each complementary pair: 3' GGTCATCG 5' 5' CC _____AGC 3' - ✔✔3' GGTCATCG 5' 5'
CCAGTAGC 3' There are 2 bonds formed between A and T, and 3 bonds between G and C.
True of False: The genetic material within a prokaryotic cell is contained within a
membrane-enclosed region. - ✔✔False How many carbon atoms are present in the
monosaccharide glucose? - ✔✔6 Describe the 4 basic bacterial morphologies. -
✔✔Coccus (round/spherical), bacillus (rod), vibrio (curved rod) or spirillum
(spiral/corkscrew). True or False: Archaea, a eukaryotic class of microorganisms, is
capable of surviving harsh environments. - ✔✔False Which of the following
microorganisms are considered to be Eukarya? Select all that apply. Animalia Plantae
Fungi Protista - ✔✔All of them Microorganisms classified as _________ obtain most of their
energy by converting light energy into chemical energy. - ✔✔Plantae A defining
characteristic of fungi is the presence of chitin in the cell walls. Which of following also
contain chitin? Select all that apply. A. Mushrooms B. Bacteria C. Yeast D. Molds - ✔✔A, C,
D True or False: Protista retain a unicellular classification, as they are unable to form
tissue layers. - ✔✔True True of False. All multicellular microorganisms classified as
Animalia are heterotrophic - ✔✔True The function of the lysosome is (select all that apply):
A. Lipid synthesis B. Protein synthesis C. To produce energy (ATP) D. Protein modification
and distribution E. Waste disposal via hydrolytic enzymes - ✔✔E The function of the
mitochondria is (select all that apply): A. Lipid synthesis B. Protein synthesis C. To produce
energy (ATP) D. Protein modification and distribution E. Waste disposal via hydrolytic
enzymes - ✔✔C The combination of the cell membrane and the outer membrane is
referred to as the (select all that apply): A. Cell wall B. Capsid C. Cell envelope D. Outer
leaflet - ✔✔C What is the smallest biological unit of life? - ✔✔Cell Define an essential
, amino acid. - ✔✔An essential amino acid cannot be produced by the human body and as
such must be take in from the environment through alternative sources (i.e) food. Where
can the two major types of nucleic acids be found in the cell and what are their roles? -
✔✔While both DNA and RNA can be found in the nucleus (center of the cell), only RNA is
capable of leaving the nucleus. DNA contains a vast amount of hereditary information and
is responsible for the inheritable characteristics of living organisms. RNA is responsible for
deciphering the hereditary information in DNA and using it to synthesize proteins. True or
False: Archaea is noted for its ability to survive under harsh conditions. - ✔✔True
Microorganisms classified as Plantae obtain most of their energy by converting _____
energy into _______ energy. - ✔✔Light (sunlight); chemical (sugars) True or False: A defining
characteristic of Protista is the inability of colonies to form tissue layers. - ✔✔True Cell
walls are found in which of the following (select all that apply): A. Plants B. Fungi C.
Bacteria D. Mammalian cells E. Algae - ✔✔A, B, C, E The function of the ribosome is (select
all that apply): A. Lipid synthesis B. Protein synthesis C. To produce energy (ATP) D. Protein
modification and distribution E. Waste disposal via hydrolytic enzymes - ✔✔B KNOW
PICTURE - ✔✔KNOW PICTURE A nanometer is defined as: - ✔✔10 -9 or one-billionth of a
meter True or False: A nanometer is longer than a micrometer - ✔✔False A nanometer is
1000x smaller than a micrometer Resolution and contrast are two critical factors that
influence your ability to see an object. Explain each. - ✔✔Resolution refers to the distance
between two objects at which the objects can still be seen as separate. Poor or low
resolution means two or more objects may appear as one. Contrast on the other hand is
the difference in light absorbance between two objects. Poor contrast gives a high
background and makes the visualization of multiple objects difficult. For instance, trying to
identify 2 dark colored objects at night (low light = low contrast) versus the same 2 objects
in the middle of a sunny afternoon (bright light against 2 dark objects = high contrast).
Assuming a fixed ocular, identify the part of the microscope you would adjust to enhance
the magnification of a sample. - ✔✔Objective Only the oculars (eyepiece) and the
objectives contribute to the magnification of the sample. Since the eyepiece is fixed, only
the objectives could be altered. Assuming a constant (non-adjustable) light source power,
identify the part of the microscope you would adjust to limit the amount of light entering
the microscope. - ✔✔Iris diaphragm What is the total magnification on (relative to your
eye) of a sample imaged with a 60x objective and a 10x eyepiece? Show your math. -
✔✔60x objective x 10x ocular = 600x magnification True or False: Staining is often required
to image a cell that is adherent and flat (thin). - ✔✔True Adherent, flat and unstained cells
are almost invisible due to the limits on both resolution and contrast. Therefore, cell
staining is often required to adequately image the sample. True or False: A cell that is
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS!
True/False. A virus is considered a microorganism. - ✔✔False True or False: The smallest
biological unit of life is the molecule. - ✔✔False At a generalized level, all cells are
comprised of what? - ✔✔Macromolecules A student may also answer: Proteins, Lipids,
Nucleic acids and Polysaccharides but they must answer with all four to be fully correct.
Proteins are formed from various combinations of _______ of which there are ______ known
forms. - ✔✔1. Amino acids 2. 20 How many amino acids are classified as being essential
amino acids? - ✔✔9 The plasma membrane (select all that are true): A. Restricts
movement of materials in and out of the cell B. Is often a triple layer comprised of lipids C.
Prevents essential nutrients from escaping D. Contains hydrophobic tails pointing outward
- ✔✔A;C Complete the following DNA strand, and indicate how many bonds are formed for
each complementary pair: 3' GGTCATCG 5' 5' CC _____AGC 3' - ✔✔3' GGTCATCG 5' 5'
CCAGTAGC 3' There are 2 bonds formed between A and T, and 3 bonds between G and C.
True of False: The genetic material within a prokaryotic cell is contained within a
membrane-enclosed region. - ✔✔False How many carbon atoms are present in the
monosaccharide glucose? - ✔✔6 Describe the 4 basic bacterial morphologies. -
✔✔Coccus (round/spherical), bacillus (rod), vibrio (curved rod) or spirillum
(spiral/corkscrew). True or False: Archaea, a eukaryotic class of microorganisms, is
capable of surviving harsh environments. - ✔✔False Which of the following
microorganisms are considered to be Eukarya? Select all that apply. Animalia Plantae
Fungi Protista - ✔✔All of them Microorganisms classified as _________ obtain most of their
energy by converting light energy into chemical energy. - ✔✔Plantae A defining
characteristic of fungi is the presence of chitin in the cell walls. Which of following also
contain chitin? Select all that apply. A. Mushrooms B. Bacteria C. Yeast D. Molds - ✔✔A, C,
D True or False: Protista retain a unicellular classification, as they are unable to form
tissue layers. - ✔✔True True of False. All multicellular microorganisms classified as
Animalia are heterotrophic - ✔✔True The function of the lysosome is (select all that apply):
A. Lipid synthesis B. Protein synthesis C. To produce energy (ATP) D. Protein modification
and distribution E. Waste disposal via hydrolytic enzymes - ✔✔E The function of the
mitochondria is (select all that apply): A. Lipid synthesis B. Protein synthesis C. To produce
energy (ATP) D. Protein modification and distribution E. Waste disposal via hydrolytic
enzymes - ✔✔C The combination of the cell membrane and the outer membrane is
referred to as the (select all that apply): A. Cell wall B. Capsid C. Cell envelope D. Outer
leaflet - ✔✔C What is the smallest biological unit of life? - ✔✔Cell Define an essential
, amino acid. - ✔✔An essential amino acid cannot be produced by the human body and as
such must be take in from the environment through alternative sources (i.e) food. Where
can the two major types of nucleic acids be found in the cell and what are their roles? -
✔✔While both DNA and RNA can be found in the nucleus (center of the cell), only RNA is
capable of leaving the nucleus. DNA contains a vast amount of hereditary information and
is responsible for the inheritable characteristics of living organisms. RNA is responsible for
deciphering the hereditary information in DNA and using it to synthesize proteins. True or
False: Archaea is noted for its ability to survive under harsh conditions. - ✔✔True
Microorganisms classified as Plantae obtain most of their energy by converting _____
energy into _______ energy. - ✔✔Light (sunlight); chemical (sugars) True or False: A defining
characteristic of Protista is the inability of colonies to form tissue layers. - ✔✔True Cell
walls are found in which of the following (select all that apply): A. Plants B. Fungi C.
Bacteria D. Mammalian cells E. Algae - ✔✔A, B, C, E The function of the ribosome is (select
all that apply): A. Lipid synthesis B. Protein synthesis C. To produce energy (ATP) D. Protein
modification and distribution E. Waste disposal via hydrolytic enzymes - ✔✔B KNOW
PICTURE - ✔✔KNOW PICTURE A nanometer is defined as: - ✔✔10 -9 or one-billionth of a
meter True or False: A nanometer is longer than a micrometer - ✔✔False A nanometer is
1000x smaller than a micrometer Resolution and contrast are two critical factors that
influence your ability to see an object. Explain each. - ✔✔Resolution refers to the distance
between two objects at which the objects can still be seen as separate. Poor or low
resolution means two or more objects may appear as one. Contrast on the other hand is
the difference in light absorbance between two objects. Poor contrast gives a high
background and makes the visualization of multiple objects difficult. For instance, trying to
identify 2 dark colored objects at night (low light = low contrast) versus the same 2 objects
in the middle of a sunny afternoon (bright light against 2 dark objects = high contrast).
Assuming a fixed ocular, identify the part of the microscope you would adjust to enhance
the magnification of a sample. - ✔✔Objective Only the oculars (eyepiece) and the
objectives contribute to the magnification of the sample. Since the eyepiece is fixed, only
the objectives could be altered. Assuming a constant (non-adjustable) light source power,
identify the part of the microscope you would adjust to limit the amount of light entering
the microscope. - ✔✔Iris diaphragm What is the total magnification on (relative to your
eye) of a sample imaged with a 60x objective and a 10x eyepiece? Show your math. -
✔✔60x objective x 10x ocular = 600x magnification True or False: Staining is often required
to image a cell that is adherent and flat (thin). - ✔✔True Adherent, flat and unstained cells
are almost invisible due to the limits on both resolution and contrast. Therefore, cell
staining is often required to adequately image the sample. True or False: A cell that is
