ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY NSG 533 REVISION PAST
PAPER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔are aldosterone levels high or low in HF? - ✔✔20x higher than normal
✔✔effects of aldosterone on HF - ✔✔- increases sodium and water reabsorption
- decreased potassium and magnesium
- decreased baroreceptor reflex
- sympathetic activation
✔✔list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease - ✔✔- dyslipidemia
- genetic studies
- modifiable risk factors
- non-modifiable risk factors
- novel risk factors
✔✔what are two classes of medications an individual with HFrEF will be started on? -
✔✔1. beta blocker (to counter SNS)
2. ACEi (to counter RAAS)
✔✔what hormones worsen HF - ✔✔- Angiontensin II (RAAS)
- catecholamines (SNS)
- endothelin
- aldosterone
✔✔hormones that are good for HF - ✔✔- natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, CNP)
- adrenmedullin
- bradykinin
- nitric oxide
✔✔types of ventricular remodeling - ✔✔- concentric (thickened heart wall, diastolic HF,
too stiff, HFpEF)
- eccentric (thin heart wall, systolic HF, contraction dysfunction, HFrEF)
✔✔blood flow of the heart from right side to left side - ✔✔1. deoxygenated blood from
the systemic system enters the superior/inferior vena cava
2. right atrium
3. tricuspid valve
4. right ventricle
5. pulmonary valve
6. pulmonary artery
7. lungs where blood is oxygenated
8. pulmonary veins
9. left atrium
10. mitral/bicuspid valve
, 11. left ventricle
12. aortic valve
13. aorta
14. oxygenated blood to the systemic system
✔✔s/s right sided HF - ✔✔- jugular vein distension
- edema
- ascites
- hepatomegaly
✔✔s/s left sided HF - ✔✔- pulmonary congestion
- SOB
- Crackles
- orthopnea
✔✔two types of left sided HF - ✔✔HFrEF (systolic)
HFpEF (diastolic)
✔✔endothelial dysfunction - ✔✔loss of the ability to vasodilate; imbalance of
vasoconstrictors (endothelin) and vasodilators (nitric oxide)
✔✔effect of neprilysin - ✔✔degrades BNP (ARNi can help - LCZ696)
✔✔HFpEF criteria - ✔✔impairment in:
- filling
- relaxation
- LA pressures
✔✔myocardial remodeling HFpEF vs HFrEF - ✔✔HFpEF: dysfunction is d/t
comorbidities and inflammatory markers coming in contact with the endothelium
HFrEF: dysfunction is d/t damage within the actual myocyte
✔✔what can elevated BNP also be confused with? - ✔✔HF or renal failure
✔✔endogenous effects of BNP - ✔✔- lusitropic
- antifibrotic
- anti-remodeling
- balanced vasodilation of veins/arteries
- decreases aldosterone
- decreases endothelin
- decreases norepinephrine
- increases diuresis
✔✔explain dyslipidemia as a risk factor for CAD - ✔✔- elevated LDL-C
PAPER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔are aldosterone levels high or low in HF? - ✔✔20x higher than normal
✔✔effects of aldosterone on HF - ✔✔- increases sodium and water reabsorption
- decreased potassium and magnesium
- decreased baroreceptor reflex
- sympathetic activation
✔✔list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease - ✔✔- dyslipidemia
- genetic studies
- modifiable risk factors
- non-modifiable risk factors
- novel risk factors
✔✔what are two classes of medications an individual with HFrEF will be started on? -
✔✔1. beta blocker (to counter SNS)
2. ACEi (to counter RAAS)
✔✔what hormones worsen HF - ✔✔- Angiontensin II (RAAS)
- catecholamines (SNS)
- endothelin
- aldosterone
✔✔hormones that are good for HF - ✔✔- natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, CNP)
- adrenmedullin
- bradykinin
- nitric oxide
✔✔types of ventricular remodeling - ✔✔- concentric (thickened heart wall, diastolic HF,
too stiff, HFpEF)
- eccentric (thin heart wall, systolic HF, contraction dysfunction, HFrEF)
✔✔blood flow of the heart from right side to left side - ✔✔1. deoxygenated blood from
the systemic system enters the superior/inferior vena cava
2. right atrium
3. tricuspid valve
4. right ventricle
5. pulmonary valve
6. pulmonary artery
7. lungs where blood is oxygenated
8. pulmonary veins
9. left atrium
10. mitral/bicuspid valve
, 11. left ventricle
12. aortic valve
13. aorta
14. oxygenated blood to the systemic system
✔✔s/s right sided HF - ✔✔- jugular vein distension
- edema
- ascites
- hepatomegaly
✔✔s/s left sided HF - ✔✔- pulmonary congestion
- SOB
- Crackles
- orthopnea
✔✔two types of left sided HF - ✔✔HFrEF (systolic)
HFpEF (diastolic)
✔✔endothelial dysfunction - ✔✔loss of the ability to vasodilate; imbalance of
vasoconstrictors (endothelin) and vasodilators (nitric oxide)
✔✔effect of neprilysin - ✔✔degrades BNP (ARNi can help - LCZ696)
✔✔HFpEF criteria - ✔✔impairment in:
- filling
- relaxation
- LA pressures
✔✔myocardial remodeling HFpEF vs HFrEF - ✔✔HFpEF: dysfunction is d/t
comorbidities and inflammatory markers coming in contact with the endothelium
HFrEF: dysfunction is d/t damage within the actual myocyte
✔✔what can elevated BNP also be confused with? - ✔✔HF or renal failure
✔✔endogenous effects of BNP - ✔✔- lusitropic
- antifibrotic
- anti-remodeling
- balanced vasodilation of veins/arteries
- decreases aldosterone
- decreases endothelin
- decreases norepinephrine
- increases diuresis
✔✔explain dyslipidemia as a risk factor for CAD - ✔✔- elevated LDL-C
