PORTAGE LEARNING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NURS 231 FINAL REVIEW EXAM
BANK |COMPLETE AND DETAILED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS| REAL EXAM
QNA | 2025 LATEST UPDATED 100% RATED CORRECT | 100% VERFIED | ALREADY
GRADED A+|GUARANTEED TO PASS!!
Pathophysiology is defined as not only the What is the definition of "pathophysiology"?
cellular and organ changes that occur with
disease, but also the effects that these changes
have on total body function.
Biologic agents (bacteria, viruses), physical Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an example if listed.
forces (trauma, burns, radiation), chemical
agents (poisons, alcohol), one’s genetic
inheritance, and nutritional excesses or
deficiencies.
Risk factors can be categorized as congenital What are the 2 types of risk factors?
conditions (present at birth) or acquired defects
(occurring after birth).
Morphology is defined as the fundamental What is the difference between morphology and histology?
structure or form of cells or tissues. Histology is
the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of
body tissues.
A symptom is a subjective complaint, for Describe the difference between signs and symptoms and give an example of each.
example pain, trouble breathing, or dizziness.
A sign is an objective manifestation, for
example an elevated temperature, a swollen
extremity, or changes in pupil size.
The diagnostic process requires a careful What are 3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis?
history, physical examination (PE), and
sometimes diagnostic tests.
,Validity is how a tool measures what it is Explain validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity.
intended to measure. Reliability is how likely the
same result will occur if repeated. Sensitivity is
the proportion of people with a disease who are
positive for that disease. Specificity are people
without the disease who are negative on a given
test.
Epidemiology is the study of disease Define epidemiology and name some things that it tracks.
occurrence in human populations. It tracks
age, race, dietary habits, lifestyle, or
geographic location.
Incidence is the number of new cases in a What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?
population at risk during a specified time.
Prevalence is the number of people with the
disease in a population in a given time.
Morbidity is the effect of an illness on one’s life. Define mortality and morbidity.
Mortality statistics deal with the cause of death
in a population.
Primary prevention is to remove risk factors to Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and give an example of each.
prevent disease from occurring- taking folic acid
while pregnant to prevent neural tube defects,
vaccinating children to prevent communicable
disease, eating healthy and exercising to
prevent heart disease, and wearing seatbelts or
helmets. Secondary prevention aims to detect
and treat disease early, usually while the
disease is asymptomatic and curableannual Pap
smears to detect early cervical cancer,
encouraging smoking cessation, checking blood
pressure and cholesterol, and colonoscopy
screening. Tertiary prevention occurs after a
disease has been diagnosed and clinical
intervention is needed to reduce complications
or deterioration- certain medications one must
take after a heart attack to help reduce the risk
of a future event or death.
Evidence-based practice is the conscientious, Why is evidence-based practice important?
explicit, and judicious use of current best
evidence in making decisions about the care of
individual patients. This is to counteract “the
way things have always been done,” and to
practice based on clinical research.
, All eukaryotic cells have three primary What are the 3 primary structures of the cell?
structures that are considered the functional
components of the cell. These are the nucleus,
the cytoplasm, and the plasma membrane.
The nucleus is the control center for the cell What is the function of the nucleus?
and contains most of the hereditary material,
DNA and RNA.
Chromatin, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope Name 3 structures within the nucleus.
The organelles in the cytoplasm include the What organelles are located in the cytoplasm?
ribosomes, ER, Golgi complex, mitochondria,
and lysosomes.
The ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis What are the roles of the ribosomes, rough ER, and smooth ER?
in the cell. The Rough ER has ribosomes and
functions to synthesize lysosomal enzymes. The
smooth ER does not have ribosomes and is the
site for lipid, lipoprotein, and steroid hormone
synthesis.
Lysosomes are the digestive system of the cell. What is the function of the lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria?
Peroxisomes are smaller than lysosomes and
function in the control of free radicals. The
mitochondria are aptly termed the “power
plants” of the cell, as they transform organic
compounds
(energy in food) into cellular energy for the cell.
The cytoskeleton contains a network of What is contained in the cytoskeleton and what is its function?
microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate
filaments, and thick filaments. They control
cell shape and movement.
Cilia can be found on many epithelial linings, Give examples of where cilia and flagella are found in the human body.
including the nasal sinuses and bronchi in the
upper respiratory system. In the human body,
only spermatozoa contain flagella.
The cell membrane controls the transport of What are the 4 functions of the cell membrane?
materials from the outside fluids to within,
binds hormone receptors, helps with the
conduction of electrical currents in nerve and
muscle cells, and aids in the regulation of cell
growth and proliferation.
BANK |COMPLETE AND DETAILED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS| REAL EXAM
QNA | 2025 LATEST UPDATED 100% RATED CORRECT | 100% VERFIED | ALREADY
GRADED A+|GUARANTEED TO PASS!!
Pathophysiology is defined as not only the What is the definition of "pathophysiology"?
cellular and organ changes that occur with
disease, but also the effects that these changes
have on total body function.
Biologic agents (bacteria, viruses), physical Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an example if listed.
forces (trauma, burns, radiation), chemical
agents (poisons, alcohol), one’s genetic
inheritance, and nutritional excesses or
deficiencies.
Risk factors can be categorized as congenital What are the 2 types of risk factors?
conditions (present at birth) or acquired defects
(occurring after birth).
Morphology is defined as the fundamental What is the difference between morphology and histology?
structure or form of cells or tissues. Histology is
the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of
body tissues.
A symptom is a subjective complaint, for Describe the difference between signs and symptoms and give an example of each.
example pain, trouble breathing, or dizziness.
A sign is an objective manifestation, for
example an elevated temperature, a swollen
extremity, or changes in pupil size.
The diagnostic process requires a careful What are 3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis?
history, physical examination (PE), and
sometimes diagnostic tests.
,Validity is how a tool measures what it is Explain validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity.
intended to measure. Reliability is how likely the
same result will occur if repeated. Sensitivity is
the proportion of people with a disease who are
positive for that disease. Specificity are people
without the disease who are negative on a given
test.
Epidemiology is the study of disease Define epidemiology and name some things that it tracks.
occurrence in human populations. It tracks
age, race, dietary habits, lifestyle, or
geographic location.
Incidence is the number of new cases in a What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?
population at risk during a specified time.
Prevalence is the number of people with the
disease in a population in a given time.
Morbidity is the effect of an illness on one’s life. Define mortality and morbidity.
Mortality statistics deal with the cause of death
in a population.
Primary prevention is to remove risk factors to Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and give an example of each.
prevent disease from occurring- taking folic acid
while pregnant to prevent neural tube defects,
vaccinating children to prevent communicable
disease, eating healthy and exercising to
prevent heart disease, and wearing seatbelts or
helmets. Secondary prevention aims to detect
and treat disease early, usually while the
disease is asymptomatic and curableannual Pap
smears to detect early cervical cancer,
encouraging smoking cessation, checking blood
pressure and cholesterol, and colonoscopy
screening. Tertiary prevention occurs after a
disease has been diagnosed and clinical
intervention is needed to reduce complications
or deterioration- certain medications one must
take after a heart attack to help reduce the risk
of a future event or death.
Evidence-based practice is the conscientious, Why is evidence-based practice important?
explicit, and judicious use of current best
evidence in making decisions about the care of
individual patients. This is to counteract “the
way things have always been done,” and to
practice based on clinical research.
, All eukaryotic cells have three primary What are the 3 primary structures of the cell?
structures that are considered the functional
components of the cell. These are the nucleus,
the cytoplasm, and the plasma membrane.
The nucleus is the control center for the cell What is the function of the nucleus?
and contains most of the hereditary material,
DNA and RNA.
Chromatin, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope Name 3 structures within the nucleus.
The organelles in the cytoplasm include the What organelles are located in the cytoplasm?
ribosomes, ER, Golgi complex, mitochondria,
and lysosomes.
The ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis What are the roles of the ribosomes, rough ER, and smooth ER?
in the cell. The Rough ER has ribosomes and
functions to synthesize lysosomal enzymes. The
smooth ER does not have ribosomes and is the
site for lipid, lipoprotein, and steroid hormone
synthesis.
Lysosomes are the digestive system of the cell. What is the function of the lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria?
Peroxisomes are smaller than lysosomes and
function in the control of free radicals. The
mitochondria are aptly termed the “power
plants” of the cell, as they transform organic
compounds
(energy in food) into cellular energy for the cell.
The cytoskeleton contains a network of What is contained in the cytoskeleton and what is its function?
microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate
filaments, and thick filaments. They control
cell shape and movement.
Cilia can be found on many epithelial linings, Give examples of where cilia and flagella are found in the human body.
including the nasal sinuses and bronchi in the
upper respiratory system. In the human body,
only spermatozoa contain flagella.
The cell membrane controls the transport of What are the 4 functions of the cell membrane?
materials from the outside fluids to within,
binds hormone receptors, helps with the
conduction of electrical currents in nerve and
muscle cells, and aids in the regulation of cell
growth and proliferation.
