Advanced Pathophysiology HESI review
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6li784
1. metabolic acido- low pH, low HCO3
sis
2. metabolic alkalo- high pH, high HCO3
sis
3. respiratory acido- low pH, high CO2
sis
4. respiratory alka- high pH, low CO2
losis
5. metabolic acido- Primary Cause: Addition of large amounts of fixed acids to body fluids; Contributing
sis causes Causes: Lactic acidosis (circulatory failure), Ketoacidosis (diabetes, starvation),
Phosphates and sulfates (Renal dz), Acid ingestion (salicylates), Secondary to
respiratory alkalosis, Adrenal insufficiency
6. metabolic alkalo- Primary Cause: Retention of base or removal of acid from body fluids; Contributing
sis causes Causes: Excessive gastric drainage, Vomiting, Potassium depletion (diuretic ther-
apy), Burns, Excessive Sodium Bicarb admin
7. respiratory acido- Primary Cause: Hypoventilation (causes hypercapnia); Contributing Causes: COPD,
sis causes Pulmonary dz, Drugs, Obesity, Mechanical asphyxia, Sleep Apnea
8. respiratory alka- • Primary stimulation of CNS: hyperventilation. Can be due to emotional origin
losis causes (anxiety, fear, apprehension), CNS infection (encephalitis), or salicylate poisoning.
• Reflex stimulation of CNS. Hypoxia stimulates hyperventilation (heart failure,
pneumonia, pulmonary emboli).
Can also be stimulated by fever.
• Mechanical hyperventilation, resulting in "over breathing."
9. Neuro exams in- -hand strength, limb strength
clude: -ability to follow commands
, Advanced Pathophysiology HESI review
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6li784
-ability to move eyes in equal and uniform fashion
-deep pain stimulus response
-symmetrical and coordinated movement
-clear, speech.
10. Acute Bronchitis infection or inflammation of the bronchi. In more than 90% of individuals, this is a
patho self-limiting disorder caused by viruses.
will not have high fevers and will have only scattered coarse wheezes on examina-
tion without evidence of pulmonary consolidation.
Chest X-ray examination is usually normal.
11. Chronic Bronchi- The chronic bronchitis pathophysiologic sequence of events is as follows:
tis patho se-
quence Hypersecretion of bronchial mucus, which leads to
Recurrent respiratory infections, which lead to
Airway inflammation, which leads to
Bronchospasm and irreversible airway obstruction
12. chronic bronchi- characterized by chronic inflammation with recruitment of neutrophils,
tis patho macrophages, and lymphocytes to the lung, with progressive damage to airways
and the lung parenchyma.
hyperplasia of the mucus-producing goblet cells of the bronchial epithelium oc-
curs, resulting in the production of large amounts of mucus in the airways.
Mucus accumulation facilitates the colonization and growth of bacteria, which
further contributes to airway inflammation, bronchospasm, and eventual scarring.
Narrowed airways cause v/q mismatching and expiratory airway obstruction with
air trapping, resulting in both hypoxemia and hypercapnia.
13. CAD risk factors Major:
pathological Advanced age
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6li784
1. metabolic acido- low pH, low HCO3
sis
2. metabolic alkalo- high pH, high HCO3
sis
3. respiratory acido- low pH, high CO2
sis
4. respiratory alka- high pH, low CO2
losis
5. metabolic acido- Primary Cause: Addition of large amounts of fixed acids to body fluids; Contributing
sis causes Causes: Lactic acidosis (circulatory failure), Ketoacidosis (diabetes, starvation),
Phosphates and sulfates (Renal dz), Acid ingestion (salicylates), Secondary to
respiratory alkalosis, Adrenal insufficiency
6. metabolic alkalo- Primary Cause: Retention of base or removal of acid from body fluids; Contributing
sis causes Causes: Excessive gastric drainage, Vomiting, Potassium depletion (diuretic ther-
apy), Burns, Excessive Sodium Bicarb admin
7. respiratory acido- Primary Cause: Hypoventilation (causes hypercapnia); Contributing Causes: COPD,
sis causes Pulmonary dz, Drugs, Obesity, Mechanical asphyxia, Sleep Apnea
8. respiratory alka- • Primary stimulation of CNS: hyperventilation. Can be due to emotional origin
losis causes (anxiety, fear, apprehension), CNS infection (encephalitis), or salicylate poisoning.
• Reflex stimulation of CNS. Hypoxia stimulates hyperventilation (heart failure,
pneumonia, pulmonary emboli).
Can also be stimulated by fever.
• Mechanical hyperventilation, resulting in "over breathing."
9. Neuro exams in- -hand strength, limb strength
clude: -ability to follow commands
, Advanced Pathophysiology HESI review
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6li784
-ability to move eyes in equal and uniform fashion
-deep pain stimulus response
-symmetrical and coordinated movement
-clear, speech.
10. Acute Bronchitis infection or inflammation of the bronchi. In more than 90% of individuals, this is a
patho self-limiting disorder caused by viruses.
will not have high fevers and will have only scattered coarse wheezes on examina-
tion without evidence of pulmonary consolidation.
Chest X-ray examination is usually normal.
11. Chronic Bronchi- The chronic bronchitis pathophysiologic sequence of events is as follows:
tis patho se-
quence Hypersecretion of bronchial mucus, which leads to
Recurrent respiratory infections, which lead to
Airway inflammation, which leads to
Bronchospasm and irreversible airway obstruction
12. chronic bronchi- characterized by chronic inflammation with recruitment of neutrophils,
tis patho macrophages, and lymphocytes to the lung, with progressive damage to airways
and the lung parenchyma.
hyperplasia of the mucus-producing goblet cells of the bronchial epithelium oc-
curs, resulting in the production of large amounts of mucus in the airways.
Mucus accumulation facilitates the colonization and growth of bacteria, which
further contributes to airway inflammation, bronchospasm, and eventual scarring.
Narrowed airways cause v/q mismatching and expiratory airway obstruction with
air trapping, resulting in both hypoxemia and hypercapnia.
13. CAD risk factors Major:
pathological Advanced age
