Stocker and feedlot exam 2 UPDATED
ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT
Answers
What are ruminants? - CORRECT ANSWER - 4 chambered stomach fermenters
The digestive process- main parts - CORRECT ANSWER - Mouth, Esophagus, Rumen,
Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum, Small intestine, Large intestine
Size of Abomasum - CORRECT ANSWER - Small in proportion in mature animals while
larger in proportion in calves
Mouth - CORRECT ANSWER - Prehensile, tongue, blunt snout, relatively immobile lips.
Bottom, incisors, hard dental pad instead of upper teeth.
Rear molars on both jaws
Salivary glands - CORRECT ANSWER - Vary in shape and size based on species.
Produce saliva
Saliva purposes - CORRECT ANSWER - Lubrication, enzymatic digestion, buffering
capacity, nitrogen recycling
Enzymatic digestion - CORRECT ANSWER - Salivary lipase (primarily in suckling
animals)
Buffering capacity - CORRECT ANSWER - Contains bicarbonate and phosphate buffers
to maintain around 6.5 pH but cannot help very much if too far into acidosis
,Nitrogen recycling - CORRECT ANSWER - Nitrogen in the blood (plasma urea) is sent to
the salivary glands and sent through the digestive tract via saliva so that microbial cells can
utilize it
Esophagus - CORRECT ANSWER - Relies on peristalsis and is a two way street
Reticulorumen - CORRECT ANSWER - The first two compartments of the stomach:
reticulum and rumen.
Joined by an opening
Rumen* - CORRECT ANSWER - A large fermentation vat where a major portion of
digestion takes place.
84% volume in cattle.*
Microbes.
Feedstuff size is reduced for further digestion (for the abomasum and small intestine)
Microbes - CORRECT ANSWER - Organisms present in the rumen that break down
fibrous feedstuffs and produce energy and protein for the animal
Cellulolytic bacteria* - CORRECT ANSWER - Break down fiber to produce primarily
acetate
Amylolytic bacteria* - CORRECT ANSWER - Break down starches and sugars to make
lactate which is further broken down by lactic acid users (another microbe) into proprionate
Archaea*? - CORRECT ANSWER - Methanogenic, methane producers
Forages - CORRECT ANSWER - Mainly made of carbohydrates
Carbohydrates - CORRECT ANSWER - Main energy source for ruminants.
, Have structural and nonstructural components.
=VFA (fat based energy)
Structural carbohydrates - CORRECT ANSWER - Cellulose (glucose, beta-1,4 glycosidic
bonds) and Hemicellulose (heterogeneous groups of pe to sans and hexosans)
Nontructural carbohydrates - CORRECT ANSWER - Starch: Amylose (straight chain,
alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds) and Amylopectin (branch-chain glucose, alpha-1,4 and alpha- 1,6
glycosidic bonds).
Reducing sugars (e.g. fructans)
Carbohydrate proportions - CORRECT ANSWER - Acetate is always the largest. (1) 71-
>53
Propionate is the middle. (2) 16->30
Butyrate is the least. (3) 7->10
2 and 3 increase while 1 decreases as concentrates increase (and inversely as forages increase)
but 3 changes very little in comparison
Carbohydrates interaction - CORRECT ANSWER - Competition between readily
fermentable CHO and fibrous CHO.
Fiber digests better when starch is limited
Protein^^^^ - CORRECT ANSWER - Pathway and non protein nitrogen use
Parts of the rumen - CORRECT ANSWER - The rumen has layers when digesting.
The gasses at the top (CO2 methane), the mat in the middle (todays hay), then the solution at the
bottom (grain and yesterdays hay).
Microbe levels vary in each
ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT
Answers
What are ruminants? - CORRECT ANSWER - 4 chambered stomach fermenters
The digestive process- main parts - CORRECT ANSWER - Mouth, Esophagus, Rumen,
Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum, Small intestine, Large intestine
Size of Abomasum - CORRECT ANSWER - Small in proportion in mature animals while
larger in proportion in calves
Mouth - CORRECT ANSWER - Prehensile, tongue, blunt snout, relatively immobile lips.
Bottom, incisors, hard dental pad instead of upper teeth.
Rear molars on both jaws
Salivary glands - CORRECT ANSWER - Vary in shape and size based on species.
Produce saliva
Saliva purposes - CORRECT ANSWER - Lubrication, enzymatic digestion, buffering
capacity, nitrogen recycling
Enzymatic digestion - CORRECT ANSWER - Salivary lipase (primarily in suckling
animals)
Buffering capacity - CORRECT ANSWER - Contains bicarbonate and phosphate buffers
to maintain around 6.5 pH but cannot help very much if too far into acidosis
,Nitrogen recycling - CORRECT ANSWER - Nitrogen in the blood (plasma urea) is sent to
the salivary glands and sent through the digestive tract via saliva so that microbial cells can
utilize it
Esophagus - CORRECT ANSWER - Relies on peristalsis and is a two way street
Reticulorumen - CORRECT ANSWER - The first two compartments of the stomach:
reticulum and rumen.
Joined by an opening
Rumen* - CORRECT ANSWER - A large fermentation vat where a major portion of
digestion takes place.
84% volume in cattle.*
Microbes.
Feedstuff size is reduced for further digestion (for the abomasum and small intestine)
Microbes - CORRECT ANSWER - Organisms present in the rumen that break down
fibrous feedstuffs and produce energy and protein for the animal
Cellulolytic bacteria* - CORRECT ANSWER - Break down fiber to produce primarily
acetate
Amylolytic bacteria* - CORRECT ANSWER - Break down starches and sugars to make
lactate which is further broken down by lactic acid users (another microbe) into proprionate
Archaea*? - CORRECT ANSWER - Methanogenic, methane producers
Forages - CORRECT ANSWER - Mainly made of carbohydrates
Carbohydrates - CORRECT ANSWER - Main energy source for ruminants.
, Have structural and nonstructural components.
=VFA (fat based energy)
Structural carbohydrates - CORRECT ANSWER - Cellulose (glucose, beta-1,4 glycosidic
bonds) and Hemicellulose (heterogeneous groups of pe to sans and hexosans)
Nontructural carbohydrates - CORRECT ANSWER - Starch: Amylose (straight chain,
alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds) and Amylopectin (branch-chain glucose, alpha-1,4 and alpha- 1,6
glycosidic bonds).
Reducing sugars (e.g. fructans)
Carbohydrate proportions - CORRECT ANSWER - Acetate is always the largest. (1) 71-
>53
Propionate is the middle. (2) 16->30
Butyrate is the least. (3) 7->10
2 and 3 increase while 1 decreases as concentrates increase (and inversely as forages increase)
but 3 changes very little in comparison
Carbohydrates interaction - CORRECT ANSWER - Competition between readily
fermentable CHO and fibrous CHO.
Fiber digests better when starch is limited
Protein^^^^ - CORRECT ANSWER - Pathway and non protein nitrogen use
Parts of the rumen - CORRECT ANSWER - The rumen has layers when digesting.
The gasses at the top (CO2 methane), the mat in the middle (todays hay), then the solution at the
bottom (grain and yesterdays hay).
Microbe levels vary in each
