COMAT FBS EXAM LATEST
allergic rhinitis pathophysiology - ANSWERS-APCs (dendritics) at
mucosal surfaces present peptides from allergens to MHC-II = ligand for
naive CD4 = Th2 activation and cytokine secretion / B cell isotype
switching = IgE and eosino/mast/neutro proliferation
IgE binds to mast cells / basophils
allergic rhinitis early reaction - ANSWERS-w/in 30min, type I HS
IgE binds mast cells = secretes histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes
allergic rhinitis late reaction - ANSWERS-w/in 6hr
via eosinophil chemotaxis ; inflamm cells/eosinos/masts/Ts break down
and remodel nasal mucosa = nasal obstruction
anaphylaxis mechanism - ANSWERS-first exposure = IgE Abs
second exposure = Ag's bind IgE Ab's on masts = large histamine
release
END OF
PAGE
1
, COMAT FBS EXAM LATEST
at CV, skin, lungs = severe O2 deficiency at brain
hypersensitivity types - ANSWERS-1. IgE-mediated (allergies, asthma,
anaphylaxis)
2. Cytotoxic ANTIBODY-mediated (IgM, IgG) (bullous pemphigoid,
autoimmune hemolytic anemia, good pasture)
3. Immune COMPLEX-mediated (Ag-Ab) (SLE, arthus reaction, serums
sickness)
4. Delayed-type T cell/MQ-mediated (allergic contact dermatitis , TB,
transplant rejection)
(5. Autoimmune RECEPTOR-mediated (IgM, IgG))
anemia mechanism - ANSWERS-via blood loss that causes iron
deficiency, hemolysis, or reduced erythropoiesis
hypochromic microcytic anemia associated conditions - ANSWERS-
iron deficiency anemia
END OF
PAGE
2
, COMAT FBS EXAM LATEST
thalassemia MINOR (only abn is Hb electrophoresis)
lead poisoning (prominent basophilic stippling)
chronic infection
iron deficiency anemia - ANSWERS-hypochromic microcytic, "cigar
cells"
milk babies
high bilirubin w a high reticulocyte count relates to - ANSWERS-
hemolytic anemia
thalassemia major - ANSWERS-associated w severe hemolytic anemia
hyperplasia/expansion of bones via increased marrow space to
accommodate = RBC overproduction
END OF
PAGE
3
, COMAT FBS EXAM LATEST
chronic hypoxia
anesthesia mechanism - ANSWERS-activate inhibitory CNS receptors
(GABA[A])
inactivate excitatory presynaptic voltage-gated sodium channels in
glutamatergic synapse
anesthesia:
associated receptors / agents (6) - ANSWERS-activate GABA(A [a-
1/BZ1 and a-2/BZ2) Cl- channels = hyperpolarizes = inhibits CNS
NMDA receptor antagonist (ketamine)
opioid rector agonists (Mu, kappa, delta)
two-pore potassium channel (K[2P]s) activation = hyperpolarizes =
inhibits CNS
END OF
PAGE
4
allergic rhinitis pathophysiology - ANSWERS-APCs (dendritics) at
mucosal surfaces present peptides from allergens to MHC-II = ligand for
naive CD4 = Th2 activation and cytokine secretion / B cell isotype
switching = IgE and eosino/mast/neutro proliferation
IgE binds to mast cells / basophils
allergic rhinitis early reaction - ANSWERS-w/in 30min, type I HS
IgE binds mast cells = secretes histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes
allergic rhinitis late reaction - ANSWERS-w/in 6hr
via eosinophil chemotaxis ; inflamm cells/eosinos/masts/Ts break down
and remodel nasal mucosa = nasal obstruction
anaphylaxis mechanism - ANSWERS-first exposure = IgE Abs
second exposure = Ag's bind IgE Ab's on masts = large histamine
release
END OF
PAGE
1
, COMAT FBS EXAM LATEST
at CV, skin, lungs = severe O2 deficiency at brain
hypersensitivity types - ANSWERS-1. IgE-mediated (allergies, asthma,
anaphylaxis)
2. Cytotoxic ANTIBODY-mediated (IgM, IgG) (bullous pemphigoid,
autoimmune hemolytic anemia, good pasture)
3. Immune COMPLEX-mediated (Ag-Ab) (SLE, arthus reaction, serums
sickness)
4. Delayed-type T cell/MQ-mediated (allergic contact dermatitis , TB,
transplant rejection)
(5. Autoimmune RECEPTOR-mediated (IgM, IgG))
anemia mechanism - ANSWERS-via blood loss that causes iron
deficiency, hemolysis, or reduced erythropoiesis
hypochromic microcytic anemia associated conditions - ANSWERS-
iron deficiency anemia
END OF
PAGE
2
, COMAT FBS EXAM LATEST
thalassemia MINOR (only abn is Hb electrophoresis)
lead poisoning (prominent basophilic stippling)
chronic infection
iron deficiency anemia - ANSWERS-hypochromic microcytic, "cigar
cells"
milk babies
high bilirubin w a high reticulocyte count relates to - ANSWERS-
hemolytic anemia
thalassemia major - ANSWERS-associated w severe hemolytic anemia
hyperplasia/expansion of bones via increased marrow space to
accommodate = RBC overproduction
END OF
PAGE
3
, COMAT FBS EXAM LATEST
chronic hypoxia
anesthesia mechanism - ANSWERS-activate inhibitory CNS receptors
(GABA[A])
inactivate excitatory presynaptic voltage-gated sodium channels in
glutamatergic synapse
anesthesia:
associated receptors / agents (6) - ANSWERS-activate GABA(A [a-
1/BZ1 and a-2/BZ2) Cl- channels = hyperpolarizes = inhibits CNS
NMDA receptor antagonist (ketamine)
opioid rector agonists (Mu, kappa, delta)
two-pore potassium channel (K[2P]s) activation = hyperpolarizes =
inhibits CNS
END OF
PAGE
4
