[Document title] CHAMBERLAIN NR507
CHAMBERLAIN NR507 MIDTERM
EXAM NEW VERSION 2025/2026 WITH ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND WELL DEFIENED ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+
Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reaction - CORRECT ANSWER -- "Allergic reaction"
- Mediated by IgE.
- Inflammation d/t mast cell degranulation.
- Hay fever, hives (uticaria).
- Local s/s: itching, rash.
- Systemic: wheezing.
- Severe, systemic reaction: anaphylaxis: hypotension, severe bronchoconstriction.
- Main tx: epinephrine.
Type 2 Hypersensitivity Reaction - CORRECT ANSWER -- Cytotoxic reaction; tissue specific
- Macrophages are the primary effectors cells involved
- Causes tissue damage or alters function
- Examples: 1) Grave's disease- example of altering thyroid function, doesn't destroy thyroid
tissue. 2) ABO incompatibility- example of cell/tissue damage; severe transfusion reaction
occurs & the transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by agglutination or complement-
mediated lysis.
Difference between type 2 & 3 hypersensitivity reactions - CORRECT ANSWER -- Type 2:
organ specific; antibody binds to the antigen on the cell surface.
- Type 3: not organ specific; antibody binds to soluble antigen outside the cell surface that
was released into the blood or body fluids, and the complex is then deposited in the tissues.
Type 3 Hypersensitivity Reaction - CORRECT ANSWER -- Immune complex
,[Document title] CHAMBERLAIN NR507
- Antigen-antibody complex deposited in the tissues
- Neutrophils are the primary effector cell
- Causes autoimmune diseases
- Examples: rheumatoid arthritis (joints), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, organs)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - CORRECT ANSWER -- Facial rash confined to the
cheeks (malar rash)
- Discoid rash (raised patches, scaling)
- Photosensitivity (skin rash d/t sunlight exposure)
- Oral or nasopharyngeal ulcers
- Hematologic disorders (hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia)
- Immunologic disorders
- Non-erosive arthritis of at least two peripheral joints
- Serositis (pleurisy, pericarditis)
- Renal disorder
- Neurologic disorders (seizures, psychosis)
- Presence of antinuclear antibody (ANA)
Autoimmunity - CORRECT ANSWER -- Can be familial: Affected family members may not all
develop the same disease, but several members may have different disorders characterized
by a variety of hypersensitivity reactions (autoimmune and allergic reactions).
Alloimmunity - CORRECT ANSWER -- General term used to describe when an individual's
immune system reacts against antigens on the tissues of other members of the same
species.
- Examples: Neonatal disease where the maternal immune system becomes sensitized
against antigens expressed by the fetus, Transplant rejection, Transfusion reaction.
Type 4 Hypersensitivity Reaction - CORRECT ANSWER -- T-cell mediated
,[Document title] CHAMBERLAIN NR507
- Lymphocytes
- Does not involve antigen/antibody complexes
- Delayed response
- Ex: localized contact dermatitis. Treated with a topical corticosteroid (wouldn't use
antihistamine since Type 4 doesn't involve mast cells and H1 receptors).
Differentiating between the rash of a Type 1 vs Type 4 Reaction - CORRECT ANSWER -- Type
1: Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, termed atopic dermatitis, are usually characterized
by widely distributed lesions.
- Type 4: Contact dermatitis (delayed hypersensitivity) consists of lesions only at the site of
contact with the allergen.
The key determinant is the timing of the rash:
-Type 1 = Immediate
-Type 4 = Delayed: Several days following contact, ex- poison ivy
Primary Immunodeficiency - CORRECT ANSWER -- Most are the result of single gene
defects.
- Occurs d/t immune system development defect.
- Antibody deficiencies, B- and T-cell deficiencies, phagocytic cell defects, complement
deficiency
- Ex: chronic granulomatous disease, familial Mediterranean fever, common variable
immunodeficiency
Secondary Immunodeficiency - CORRECT ANSWER -- Complication of some other
physiologic condition or disease.
- Malnutrition is one of the most common causes worldwide.
- Cancer, drugs, chemotherapeutic agents.
, [Document title] CHAMBERLAIN NR507
Most of our body's iron stores come from..... - CORRECT ANSWER -The recycling of iron
from old red blood cells (RBCs)
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) - CORRECT ANSWER -- Measure of
the average concentration of hemoglobin inside a single red blood cell.
- Normal (normochromic anemia): aplastic anemia, post-hemorrhagic anemia, hemolytic
anemia.
- Low (hypochromic): iron deficiency anemia, sideroblastic anemia, thalassemia.
- High (hyperchromic): hereditary spherocytosis, liver disease, hyperthyroidism, sickle cell
disease.
Iron Deficiency Anemia - CORRECT ANSWER -- Microcytic & hypochromic
- Caused by disorders of hemoglobin synthesis
- Lab: ferritin (reflects the body's total iron stores -> low reflects anemia, but does not tell
you what type)
Increased ____ ________ ______ is one of the earliest lab markers in developing macrocytic
anemia. - CORRECT ANSWER -RBC distribution width (RDW)
Folate Deficiency - CORRECT ANSWER -- Megaloblastic anemia
- Alcoholism, malnutrition
- Lab values: folate (low), MCV (high- macrocytic), MCHC (normal- normochromic),
reticulocyte (normal or high), serum iron (normal or low).
Vitamin B-12 Deficiency - CORRECT ANSWER -- Pernicious anemia
- S/S: fatigue, dyspnea, peripheral neuropathy (numbness & tingling) in bilateral lower
extremities (BLE)
- Risk factor: older adults, H. Pylori infection, d/o affecting b-12 absorption,
vegetarian/vegan
CHAMBERLAIN NR507 MIDTERM
EXAM NEW VERSION 2025/2026 WITH ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND WELL DEFIENED ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+
Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reaction - CORRECT ANSWER -- "Allergic reaction"
- Mediated by IgE.
- Inflammation d/t mast cell degranulation.
- Hay fever, hives (uticaria).
- Local s/s: itching, rash.
- Systemic: wheezing.
- Severe, systemic reaction: anaphylaxis: hypotension, severe bronchoconstriction.
- Main tx: epinephrine.
Type 2 Hypersensitivity Reaction - CORRECT ANSWER -- Cytotoxic reaction; tissue specific
- Macrophages are the primary effectors cells involved
- Causes tissue damage or alters function
- Examples: 1) Grave's disease- example of altering thyroid function, doesn't destroy thyroid
tissue. 2) ABO incompatibility- example of cell/tissue damage; severe transfusion reaction
occurs & the transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by agglutination or complement-
mediated lysis.
Difference between type 2 & 3 hypersensitivity reactions - CORRECT ANSWER -- Type 2:
organ specific; antibody binds to the antigen on the cell surface.
- Type 3: not organ specific; antibody binds to soluble antigen outside the cell surface that
was released into the blood or body fluids, and the complex is then deposited in the tissues.
Type 3 Hypersensitivity Reaction - CORRECT ANSWER -- Immune complex
,[Document title] CHAMBERLAIN NR507
- Antigen-antibody complex deposited in the tissues
- Neutrophils are the primary effector cell
- Causes autoimmune diseases
- Examples: rheumatoid arthritis (joints), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, organs)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - CORRECT ANSWER -- Facial rash confined to the
cheeks (malar rash)
- Discoid rash (raised patches, scaling)
- Photosensitivity (skin rash d/t sunlight exposure)
- Oral or nasopharyngeal ulcers
- Hematologic disorders (hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia)
- Immunologic disorders
- Non-erosive arthritis of at least two peripheral joints
- Serositis (pleurisy, pericarditis)
- Renal disorder
- Neurologic disorders (seizures, psychosis)
- Presence of antinuclear antibody (ANA)
Autoimmunity - CORRECT ANSWER -- Can be familial: Affected family members may not all
develop the same disease, but several members may have different disorders characterized
by a variety of hypersensitivity reactions (autoimmune and allergic reactions).
Alloimmunity - CORRECT ANSWER -- General term used to describe when an individual's
immune system reacts against antigens on the tissues of other members of the same
species.
- Examples: Neonatal disease where the maternal immune system becomes sensitized
against antigens expressed by the fetus, Transplant rejection, Transfusion reaction.
Type 4 Hypersensitivity Reaction - CORRECT ANSWER -- T-cell mediated
,[Document title] CHAMBERLAIN NR507
- Lymphocytes
- Does not involve antigen/antibody complexes
- Delayed response
- Ex: localized contact dermatitis. Treated with a topical corticosteroid (wouldn't use
antihistamine since Type 4 doesn't involve mast cells and H1 receptors).
Differentiating between the rash of a Type 1 vs Type 4 Reaction - CORRECT ANSWER -- Type
1: Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, termed atopic dermatitis, are usually characterized
by widely distributed lesions.
- Type 4: Contact dermatitis (delayed hypersensitivity) consists of lesions only at the site of
contact with the allergen.
The key determinant is the timing of the rash:
-Type 1 = Immediate
-Type 4 = Delayed: Several days following contact, ex- poison ivy
Primary Immunodeficiency - CORRECT ANSWER -- Most are the result of single gene
defects.
- Occurs d/t immune system development defect.
- Antibody deficiencies, B- and T-cell deficiencies, phagocytic cell defects, complement
deficiency
- Ex: chronic granulomatous disease, familial Mediterranean fever, common variable
immunodeficiency
Secondary Immunodeficiency - CORRECT ANSWER -- Complication of some other
physiologic condition or disease.
- Malnutrition is one of the most common causes worldwide.
- Cancer, drugs, chemotherapeutic agents.
, [Document title] CHAMBERLAIN NR507
Most of our body's iron stores come from..... - CORRECT ANSWER -The recycling of iron
from old red blood cells (RBCs)
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) - CORRECT ANSWER -- Measure of
the average concentration of hemoglobin inside a single red blood cell.
- Normal (normochromic anemia): aplastic anemia, post-hemorrhagic anemia, hemolytic
anemia.
- Low (hypochromic): iron deficiency anemia, sideroblastic anemia, thalassemia.
- High (hyperchromic): hereditary spherocytosis, liver disease, hyperthyroidism, sickle cell
disease.
Iron Deficiency Anemia - CORRECT ANSWER -- Microcytic & hypochromic
- Caused by disorders of hemoglobin synthesis
- Lab: ferritin (reflects the body's total iron stores -> low reflects anemia, but does not tell
you what type)
Increased ____ ________ ______ is one of the earliest lab markers in developing macrocytic
anemia. - CORRECT ANSWER -RBC distribution width (RDW)
Folate Deficiency - CORRECT ANSWER -- Megaloblastic anemia
- Alcoholism, malnutrition
- Lab values: folate (low), MCV (high- macrocytic), MCHC (normal- normochromic),
reticulocyte (normal or high), serum iron (normal or low).
Vitamin B-12 Deficiency - CORRECT ANSWER -- Pernicious anemia
- S/S: fatigue, dyspnea, peripheral neuropathy (numbness & tingling) in bilateral lower
extremities (BLE)
- Risk factor: older adults, H. Pylori infection, d/o affecting b-12 absorption,
vegetarian/vegan
