NUR 641E Midterm Study Guide – Questions With
Complete Solutions
Prodrug Correct Answer - An inactive drug dosage form that is
converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is
inside the body.
-Cytochrome P450
-Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Bioavailability Correct Answer - the rate at and the extent to which a
nutrient is absorbed and used
-Affected by route of administration and drug dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
Steady state (of a drug) Correct Answer - stable level of drug in the body,
occurs in 5 half lives of the drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount being eliminated from
system
Pharmacokinetics Correct Answer - The process by which drugs are
absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
-what the body does to the drug
First pass Correct Answer - the fact that a medication in the GI tract
passes through the liver before entering other organs
does not Correct Answer - bioequivalence does/does not affect
bioavailability
Bioequivalence Correct Answer - relative therapeutic effectiveness of
chemically equivalent drugs.
Bioavailability (is affected by) Correct Answer - -chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
, Cytochrome P450 Correct Answer - -enzymes that function to
metabolize potentially toxic compounds, including drugs and products of
endogenous metabolism such as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs that are
inhibitors (ex. warfarin with omeprazole) because there is competition for
enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer Correct Answer - An inducer increases the
metabolism of a substrate resulting in a decreased level or effect of the
substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor Correct Answer - An inhibitor decreases the
metabolism of a substrate resulting in an increased level or effect of the
substrate.
Clopidogrel Correct Answer - prodrug that must be activated by hepatic
CYP2C19 metabolism; individuals who are poor metabolizers may not form
the active metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response
half-life (determines) Correct Answer - how often a drug is administered
4-5 Correct Answer - steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life
Warfarin (MOA) Correct Answer - -Vitamin K antagonist
-Factors II, VII, IX, X
-takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR
Vitamin K Correct Answer - warfarin antidote
Heparin (MOA) Correct Answer - -rapid anticoagulation by binding with
antithrombin III and inhibits factors IXa, Xa, XIIa, and XIII
-aPTT monitoring (low dose SQ does not require monitoring)
Apixaban (MOA) Correct Answer - direct factor Xa inhibitor
Complete Solutions
Prodrug Correct Answer - An inactive drug dosage form that is
converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is
inside the body.
-Cytochrome P450
-Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Bioavailability Correct Answer - the rate at and the extent to which a
nutrient is absorbed and used
-Affected by route of administration and drug dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
Steady state (of a drug) Correct Answer - stable level of drug in the body,
occurs in 5 half lives of the drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount being eliminated from
system
Pharmacokinetics Correct Answer - The process by which drugs are
absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
-what the body does to the drug
First pass Correct Answer - the fact that a medication in the GI tract
passes through the liver before entering other organs
does not Correct Answer - bioequivalence does/does not affect
bioavailability
Bioequivalence Correct Answer - relative therapeutic effectiveness of
chemically equivalent drugs.
Bioavailability (is affected by) Correct Answer - -chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
, Cytochrome P450 Correct Answer - -enzymes that function to
metabolize potentially toxic compounds, including drugs and products of
endogenous metabolism such as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs that are
inhibitors (ex. warfarin with omeprazole) because there is competition for
enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer Correct Answer - An inducer increases the
metabolism of a substrate resulting in a decreased level or effect of the
substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor Correct Answer - An inhibitor decreases the
metabolism of a substrate resulting in an increased level or effect of the
substrate.
Clopidogrel Correct Answer - prodrug that must be activated by hepatic
CYP2C19 metabolism; individuals who are poor metabolizers may not form
the active metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response
half-life (determines) Correct Answer - how often a drug is administered
4-5 Correct Answer - steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life
Warfarin (MOA) Correct Answer - -Vitamin K antagonist
-Factors II, VII, IX, X
-takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR
Vitamin K Correct Answer - warfarin antidote
Heparin (MOA) Correct Answer - -rapid anticoagulation by binding with
antithrombin III and inhibits factors IXa, Xa, XIIa, and XIII
-aPTT monitoring (low dose SQ does not require monitoring)
Apixaban (MOA) Correct Answer - direct factor Xa inhibitor
