NUR 641E final Exam Questions With
Correct Answers
Pharmacokinetics |involves |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-absorption, |distribution, |metabolism |and |
elimination).
Absorption: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-absorption |from |the |administration |site |either |directly |or |
indirectly |into |the |blood/plasma.
Distribution: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-reversibly |or |irreversibly |move |from |the |bloodstream |
into |the |interstitial |and |intracellular
Metabolism: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-biotransformed |via |hepatic |metabolism |or |by |other |
tissues.
Elimination: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-tissues. |lastly, |the |drug |and |its |metabolites |are |
eliminated |from |the |body.
route |of |administration |with |the |highest |bioavailability |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-intravenous; |
putting |entire |dose |into |a |patient's |vein |and |bypassing |absorption.
avoids |first-pass |metabolism |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Intravenous |route
administration |has |variable |and |erratic |absorption. |n |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Rectal |
administration
4. |Steady |state |(SS) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-absorption. |n |is |usually |reached |within |4-5 |half-
lives |of |drug.
,Half-life |of |a |drug |is |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-how |long |it |takes |for |half |the |drug |to |be |excreted
|from |the |body. |Determines |how |frequently |the |drug |must |be |administered. |Predicts |how |long
|toxic |effects |can |last.is |constant |with |first-order |pharmacokinetics |of |a |drug.
Zero-order |(nonlinear) |pharmacokinetics |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-means |a |drug |is |metabolized
|at |a |constant |rate |per |unit |time.
CYP3A4 |substrate |drugs |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-may |have |enhanced |activity |if |any |CYP3A4 |
inducer |drugs |are |used |along |with |it.
Drug |development |process |involves |these |steps |according |to |the |FDA: |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-Discovery: |laboratory |research |to |develop |the |new |drug. |Preclinical |research |
with |animal |testing |for |safety |(Phase |I). |Clinical |research |on |human |subjects |for |medication |
safety |(Phase |II). |Clinical |research |in |humans |comparing |the |new |drug |to |accepted |
medications |placebo |depending |on |the |study |(Phase |III). |FDA |review |of |the |results |to |
determine |approval. |Post |marketing |study |to |identify |adverse |effects |not |found |in |earlier |
clinical |studies |(Phase |IV)
2. |Medication |safety |organizations |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |Institute |for |Safe |Medication |
Practices |(ISMP) |The |Institute |of |Medicine |(IOM) |The |Joint |Commission |The |National |
Coordinating |Council |for |Medication |Error |Reporting |and |Prevention |(NCC |MERP) |Food |and |
Drug |Administration |(FDA) |Safe |Use |Initiative
Two |basic |type |of |ADRS: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-pharmacological |and |idiosyncratic.
85% |to |90% |of |ADRS |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-are |pharmacological.
Adverse |drug |reactions |are |usually |preventable, |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-frequently |occur |in |a |
hospital |or |nursing |home |setting, |and |include |medication |errors, |adverse |drug |effects, |and |
allergic |idiosyncratic |type |reactions.
, ADRS |are |not |commonly |reported; |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-the |FDA |does |not |mandate |that |
ADRS |be |reported.
Polypharmacy |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-involves |using |multiple |health |care |providers |for |care, |
using |multiple |medications, |and |using |several |pharmacies |prescription |filling.
Angiotensin |converting |enzyme |inhibitors |(ACEIS): |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-lisinopril, |captopril,
|enalapril, |ramipril, |benazepril, |fosinopril.
ACEIS |reduce |blood |pressure |enzyme. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-by |suppressing |the |release |of |
angiotensin-converting |enzyme.
Important |side |effects |of |ACE |inhibitors |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Important |include |cough |and |
angioedema; |discontinue |the |ACEI |if |angioedema |occurs.
Angiotensin |II |receptor |blocking |agents |(ARBS): |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Icandesartan |
(Atacand), |eprosartan |(Teveten), |irbesartan |(Avapro), |losartan |(Cozaar), |telmisartan |(Micardis) |
and |valsartan |(Diovan).
ARBS |reduce |blood |pressure |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-by |blocking |angiotensin |II |receptors.
Essential |(primary) |hypertension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Essential |(primary) |accounts |for |90%
|of |cases; |secondary |hypertension |may |caused |by |chronic |renal |failure.
Nitroglycerin |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Nitroglycerin |is |a |nitrate |drug |that |can |be |administered |
IV, |SL, |a |topical |ointment |and |as |a |transdermal |patch.
Correct Answers
Pharmacokinetics |involves |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-absorption, |distribution, |metabolism |and |
elimination).
Absorption: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-absorption |from |the |administration |site |either |directly |or |
indirectly |into |the |blood/plasma.
Distribution: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-reversibly |or |irreversibly |move |from |the |bloodstream |
into |the |interstitial |and |intracellular
Metabolism: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-biotransformed |via |hepatic |metabolism |or |by |other |
tissues.
Elimination: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-tissues. |lastly, |the |drug |and |its |metabolites |are |
eliminated |from |the |body.
route |of |administration |with |the |highest |bioavailability |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-intravenous; |
putting |entire |dose |into |a |patient's |vein |and |bypassing |absorption.
avoids |first-pass |metabolism |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Intravenous |route
administration |has |variable |and |erratic |absorption. |n |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Rectal |
administration
4. |Steady |state |(SS) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-absorption. |n |is |usually |reached |within |4-5 |half-
lives |of |drug.
,Half-life |of |a |drug |is |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-how |long |it |takes |for |half |the |drug |to |be |excreted
|from |the |body. |Determines |how |frequently |the |drug |must |be |administered. |Predicts |how |long
|toxic |effects |can |last.is |constant |with |first-order |pharmacokinetics |of |a |drug.
Zero-order |(nonlinear) |pharmacokinetics |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-means |a |drug |is |metabolized
|at |a |constant |rate |per |unit |time.
CYP3A4 |substrate |drugs |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-may |have |enhanced |activity |if |any |CYP3A4 |
inducer |drugs |are |used |along |with |it.
Drug |development |process |involves |these |steps |according |to |the |FDA: |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-Discovery: |laboratory |research |to |develop |the |new |drug. |Preclinical |research |
with |animal |testing |for |safety |(Phase |I). |Clinical |research |on |human |subjects |for |medication |
safety |(Phase |II). |Clinical |research |in |humans |comparing |the |new |drug |to |accepted |
medications |placebo |depending |on |the |study |(Phase |III). |FDA |review |of |the |results |to |
determine |approval. |Post |marketing |study |to |identify |adverse |effects |not |found |in |earlier |
clinical |studies |(Phase |IV)
2. |Medication |safety |organizations |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |Institute |for |Safe |Medication |
Practices |(ISMP) |The |Institute |of |Medicine |(IOM) |The |Joint |Commission |The |National |
Coordinating |Council |for |Medication |Error |Reporting |and |Prevention |(NCC |MERP) |Food |and |
Drug |Administration |(FDA) |Safe |Use |Initiative
Two |basic |type |of |ADRS: |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-pharmacological |and |idiosyncratic.
85% |to |90% |of |ADRS |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-are |pharmacological.
Adverse |drug |reactions |are |usually |preventable, |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-frequently |occur |in |a |
hospital |or |nursing |home |setting, |and |include |medication |errors, |adverse |drug |effects, |and |
allergic |idiosyncratic |type |reactions.
, ADRS |are |not |commonly |reported; |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-the |FDA |does |not |mandate |that |
ADRS |be |reported.
Polypharmacy |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-involves |using |multiple |health |care |providers |for |care, |
using |multiple |medications, |and |using |several |pharmacies |prescription |filling.
Angiotensin |converting |enzyme |inhibitors |(ACEIS): |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-lisinopril, |captopril,
|enalapril, |ramipril, |benazepril, |fosinopril.
ACEIS |reduce |blood |pressure |enzyme. |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-by |suppressing |the |release |of |
angiotensin-converting |enzyme.
Important |side |effects |of |ACE |inhibitors |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Important |include |cough |and |
angioedema; |discontinue |the |ACEI |if |angioedema |occurs.
Angiotensin |II |receptor |blocking |agents |(ARBS): |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Icandesartan |
(Atacand), |eprosartan |(Teveten), |irbesartan |(Avapro), |losartan |(Cozaar), |telmisartan |(Micardis) |
and |valsartan |(Diovan).
ARBS |reduce |blood |pressure |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-by |blocking |angiotensin |II |receptors.
Essential |(primary) |hypertension |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Essential |(primary) |accounts |for |90%
|of |cases; |secondary |hypertension |may |caused |by |chronic |renal |failure.
Nitroglycerin |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Nitroglycerin |is |a |nitrate |drug |that |can |be |administered |
IV, |SL, |a |topical |ointment |and |as |a |transdermal |patch.
