CSU PSY 352 Final Questions and
answers 2025/2026
Cognitive psychology is an empirical science. What does this mean?
a. it is based on observation
b. it is based on intuition
c. it is based on measures of neural activity
d. it is based on logical deduction - Answ✔✔a. it is based on observation
Which of the following steps in the scientific method distinguishes it from the philosophical approaches?
a. gathering empirical evidence
b. coming up with predictions
c. developing a theory or hypothesis
d. thinking logically - Answ✔✔a. gathering empirical evidence
Although introspectionism was instrumental in establishing psychology as a science, in what way is
introspectionism flawed?
a. subjects' reports cannot be verified
b. subjects find it difficult to verbalize their inner sensations
c. All of the answers show here are correct
d. Subjects reports are subjective and potentially biased - Answ✔✔c. All of the answers show here are
correct
The study of learning and memory within psychology is dominated by experimental methods. What does
this mean?
a. it is based on careful observation
b. it seeks out correlations between variables of interest
c. it is based on naturalistic observation
, d. it involves the manipulation of variables of interest - Answ✔✔d. it involves the manipulation of
variables of interest
___________ sciences focus on observable behaviors without making inferences about mental states,
whereas _________ sciences have the explicit goal of trying to infer mental states from observable
behaviors
a. empirical; experimental
b. experimental; empirical
c. cognitive; behavioral
d. behavioral; cognitive - Answ✔✔d. behavioral; cognitive
Which of the following is an advantage with using animal models to try to better understand human
learning?
a. you can look at questions that you can't (ethically) look at in humans
b. they are simpler organisms, so they are affected by fewer variables and are easier to understand
c. It's easier to control the conditions of the study
d. All of the answers shown here are correct - Answ✔✔d. All of the answers shown here are correct
Which of the following provides empirical support for (i.e., is consistent with) Aristotle's law of
contiguity?
a. All answers shown here are correct
b. Anrep's results showing the conditioning of salivation to a tone
c. Siegel's finding showing conditioning of blood sugar levels to the presence of a needle
d. Watson and Raynor's finding showing conditioning of fear to a white rat - Answ✔✔a. All answers
shown here are correct
In the now classic study conducted by Watson and Raynor, the researchers examined a child's response
to a white rat. After establishing that the rat didn't initially cause fear or distress in the child, the
researchers then paired the presentation of the rat with the sounding of a very loud, startling noise.
What was observed after repeated trials of this nature?
a. conditioned fear
b. the child then showed signs of distress upon being presented with the rat
answers 2025/2026
Cognitive psychology is an empirical science. What does this mean?
a. it is based on observation
b. it is based on intuition
c. it is based on measures of neural activity
d. it is based on logical deduction - Answ✔✔a. it is based on observation
Which of the following steps in the scientific method distinguishes it from the philosophical approaches?
a. gathering empirical evidence
b. coming up with predictions
c. developing a theory or hypothesis
d. thinking logically - Answ✔✔a. gathering empirical evidence
Although introspectionism was instrumental in establishing psychology as a science, in what way is
introspectionism flawed?
a. subjects' reports cannot be verified
b. subjects find it difficult to verbalize their inner sensations
c. All of the answers show here are correct
d. Subjects reports are subjective and potentially biased - Answ✔✔c. All of the answers show here are
correct
The study of learning and memory within psychology is dominated by experimental methods. What does
this mean?
a. it is based on careful observation
b. it seeks out correlations between variables of interest
c. it is based on naturalistic observation
, d. it involves the manipulation of variables of interest - Answ✔✔d. it involves the manipulation of
variables of interest
___________ sciences focus on observable behaviors without making inferences about mental states,
whereas _________ sciences have the explicit goal of trying to infer mental states from observable
behaviors
a. empirical; experimental
b. experimental; empirical
c. cognitive; behavioral
d. behavioral; cognitive - Answ✔✔d. behavioral; cognitive
Which of the following is an advantage with using animal models to try to better understand human
learning?
a. you can look at questions that you can't (ethically) look at in humans
b. they are simpler organisms, so they are affected by fewer variables and are easier to understand
c. It's easier to control the conditions of the study
d. All of the answers shown here are correct - Answ✔✔d. All of the answers shown here are correct
Which of the following provides empirical support for (i.e., is consistent with) Aristotle's law of
contiguity?
a. All answers shown here are correct
b. Anrep's results showing the conditioning of salivation to a tone
c. Siegel's finding showing conditioning of blood sugar levels to the presence of a needle
d. Watson and Raynor's finding showing conditioning of fear to a white rat - Answ✔✔a. All answers
shown here are correct
In the now classic study conducted by Watson and Raynor, the researchers examined a child's response
to a white rat. After establishing that the rat didn't initially cause fear or distress in the child, the
researchers then paired the presentation of the rat with the sounding of a very loud, startling noise.
What was observed after repeated trials of this nature?
a. conditioned fear
b. the child then showed signs of distress upon being presented with the rat
