SURGICAL FIRST ASSISTANT Antibiotic Therapy
1. Aseptic technique: Infection prevention methods used to prevent contamina-tion and
infection during medical procedures.
2. Antibiotic prescribing changes: Adjustments made to antibiotic prescriptionsto combat
antibiotic resistance and prevent superinfections.
3. Intensive infection prevention: Aggressive measures taken to prevent infec-tions,
especially in healthcare settings.
4. Normal flora: The beneficial bacteria that normally reside in the body and helpmaintain
health.
5. Antibiotic development: The process of creating new antibiotics, which iscurrently not
keeping pace with microbial resistance.
6. Drug development requirements: The criteria set by the US Food and DrugAdministration
that new antibiotics must meet to be approved.
7. Pus-forming bacteria: Bacteria that cause the formation of pus, often associ-ated with
infections leading to sepsis.
8. Intensive care units: Hospital departments that provide specialized care forcritically ill
patients, often dealing with severe sepsis cases.
9. Antibiotic dosage: The amount of antibiotic administered, which can affect thelikelihood
of superinfections if too large.
10. Patient's size/weight: Factors that can influence the appropriate dosage ofantibiotics for
effective treatment.
11. Advanced Practices section of Chapter 4: A reference to a specific section inthe text that
discusses antibiotic dosage and related concepts.
12. Clinical management of sepsis: A multifocal approach that includes resusci-tation, organ
system support, and control of the infection.
13. Control of infection: Combines the use of antibiotics in addition to drainage or
debridement of involved tissues.
14. Antibiotic therapy in septic patients: Imperative that therapy be continuedthroughout the
surgical procedure, as the source of the infection is removed.
15. Concentration levels of antibiotics: Depend on the half-life and elimination ofthe
medication.
16. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS): Two or more of the following:
Temperature <36°C or >38°C, Heart rate >90 beats per min, Respiration
>20 breaths per min or Paco2 <32 mm Hg, WBC count >12,000 or <4000 or 10%immature
cells.
, 17. Severe sepsis: Sepsis plus organ dysfunction and tissue hypoperfusion orhypotension.
18. Septic shock: Hypotension induced by sepsis despite fluid bolus organ andtissue
hypoperfusion.
19. Mortality rate of sepsis: 3%-17% depending on the number of symptoms,15%-30% for
severe sepsis, 28%-50% for septic shock.
20. Preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis: The use of prophylactic antibiotics toprevent SSIs
has proved beneficial in certain procedures.
21. Benefits of prophylactic antibiotics: May be beneficial when used beforeimplant
procedures and clean-contaminated surgical wounds.
22. No benefit of prophylactic antibiotics: Have no benefit in clean surgicalwounds or
contaminated wounds.
23. Indications for preoperative antibiotics: Patients with congenital or valvularheart disease,
rheumatic fever, or neutropenia.
24. Risks of antibiotic therapy: Side effects, creating superinfections, and adversereactions must
be carefully weighed against advantages.
25. Metabolism differences in infants and elderly: Higher risk of drug toxicitybecause
antibiotics can accumulate to toxic levels in their blood.
26. HAI: Healthcare-associated infection, defined by the CDC as a localized or systemic
condition resulting from an adverse reaction to infection, not present orincubating at the time
of admission.
27. peak and trough: Pharmacokinetic measurements used to determine the max-imum
concentration (peak) and minimum concentration (trough) of a drug in a patient's
bloodstream.
28. sepsis: A life-threatening condition resulting from the body's response to infec-tion,
leading to tissue damage, organ failure, and potentially death.
29. superbugs: Bacteria that have developed resistance to multiple antibiotics, mak-ing them
difficult to treat.
30. superinfection: An infection that occurs during or after treatment for anotherinfection,
often due to antibiotic use that disrupts normal flora.
31. antibiotic therapy: The use of antibiotics to treat or prevent infections in surgicalpatients,
applicable in preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care.
32. surgical site infections (SSIs): Infections that occur at or near the surgical incision within
30 days of the procedure, often preventable with appropriate antibioticuse.
33. medication selection factors: Factors influencing the choice of antibiotic, includ-ing patient
allergy, antibiotic efficacy, toxicity, and the ability to reach the infection site.
34. antibiotic resistance: The ability of bacteria to overcome the bactericidal effectsof
antibiotics, often due to misuse of antimicrobial agents.
1. Aseptic technique: Infection prevention methods used to prevent contamina-tion and
infection during medical procedures.
2. Antibiotic prescribing changes: Adjustments made to antibiotic prescriptionsto combat
antibiotic resistance and prevent superinfections.
3. Intensive infection prevention: Aggressive measures taken to prevent infec-tions,
especially in healthcare settings.
4. Normal flora: The beneficial bacteria that normally reside in the body and helpmaintain
health.
5. Antibiotic development: The process of creating new antibiotics, which iscurrently not
keeping pace with microbial resistance.
6. Drug development requirements: The criteria set by the US Food and DrugAdministration
that new antibiotics must meet to be approved.
7. Pus-forming bacteria: Bacteria that cause the formation of pus, often associ-ated with
infections leading to sepsis.
8. Intensive care units: Hospital departments that provide specialized care forcritically ill
patients, often dealing with severe sepsis cases.
9. Antibiotic dosage: The amount of antibiotic administered, which can affect thelikelihood
of superinfections if too large.
10. Patient's size/weight: Factors that can influence the appropriate dosage ofantibiotics for
effective treatment.
11. Advanced Practices section of Chapter 4: A reference to a specific section inthe text that
discusses antibiotic dosage and related concepts.
12. Clinical management of sepsis: A multifocal approach that includes resusci-tation, organ
system support, and control of the infection.
13. Control of infection: Combines the use of antibiotics in addition to drainage or
debridement of involved tissues.
14. Antibiotic therapy in septic patients: Imperative that therapy be continuedthroughout the
surgical procedure, as the source of the infection is removed.
15. Concentration levels of antibiotics: Depend on the half-life and elimination ofthe
medication.
16. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS): Two or more of the following:
Temperature <36°C or >38°C, Heart rate >90 beats per min, Respiration
>20 breaths per min or Paco2 <32 mm Hg, WBC count >12,000 or <4000 or 10%immature
cells.
, 17. Severe sepsis: Sepsis plus organ dysfunction and tissue hypoperfusion orhypotension.
18. Septic shock: Hypotension induced by sepsis despite fluid bolus organ andtissue
hypoperfusion.
19. Mortality rate of sepsis: 3%-17% depending on the number of symptoms,15%-30% for
severe sepsis, 28%-50% for septic shock.
20. Preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis: The use of prophylactic antibiotics toprevent SSIs
has proved beneficial in certain procedures.
21. Benefits of prophylactic antibiotics: May be beneficial when used beforeimplant
procedures and clean-contaminated surgical wounds.
22. No benefit of prophylactic antibiotics: Have no benefit in clean surgicalwounds or
contaminated wounds.
23. Indications for preoperative antibiotics: Patients with congenital or valvularheart disease,
rheumatic fever, or neutropenia.
24. Risks of antibiotic therapy: Side effects, creating superinfections, and adversereactions must
be carefully weighed against advantages.
25. Metabolism differences in infants and elderly: Higher risk of drug toxicitybecause
antibiotics can accumulate to toxic levels in their blood.
26. HAI: Healthcare-associated infection, defined by the CDC as a localized or systemic
condition resulting from an adverse reaction to infection, not present orincubating at the time
of admission.
27. peak and trough: Pharmacokinetic measurements used to determine the max-imum
concentration (peak) and minimum concentration (trough) of a drug in a patient's
bloodstream.
28. sepsis: A life-threatening condition resulting from the body's response to infec-tion,
leading to tissue damage, organ failure, and potentially death.
29. superbugs: Bacteria that have developed resistance to multiple antibiotics, mak-ing them
difficult to treat.
30. superinfection: An infection that occurs during or after treatment for anotherinfection,
often due to antibiotic use that disrupts normal flora.
31. antibiotic therapy: The use of antibiotics to treat or prevent infections in surgicalpatients,
applicable in preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care.
32. surgical site infections (SSIs): Infections that occur at or near the surgical incision within
30 days of the procedure, often preventable with appropriate antibioticuse.
33. medication selection factors: Factors influencing the choice of antibiotic, includ-ing patient
allergy, antibiotic efficacy, toxicity, and the ability to reach the infection site.
34. antibiotic resistance: The ability of bacteria to overcome the bactericidal effectsof
antibiotics, often due to misuse of antimicrobial agents.
