UCI Bio 93 with the Trio Final Review
Bioenergetics - answer How energy flows through organisms.
ATP - answer Used for mechanical, transport, and chemical work. ATP is also an RNA
nucleotide.
Mechanical Work - answer Energy used in motor proteins and muscle cells during
contractions.
Transport Work - answer Energy used to move substances against their gradient.
Chemical Work - answer Energy used to convey polymers into monomers.
Gibs Free Energy - answer Portion of a systems energy that can preform work when
temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system.
Exergonic Reactions - answer Delta G is less than zero (-) and the reaction is
spontaneous. Example- ATP hydrolysis.
Endergonic Reactions - answerDelta G is greater than zero (+) and the reaction is non-
spontaneous.
Enzymes - answerLower energy barriers and can be denatured by temperature.
"Lock and Key" - answerPhrase used to describe the very specific nature of enzyme-
substrate interactions.
1st Law of Thermodynamics - answerEnergy is constant and cannot be created or
destroyed.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics - answerEvery energy transformation increases the
entropy in the universe.
Cellular Respiration - answerProcess used by heterotrophs. Occurs in the mitochondria
and produces majority of the energy our body constantly uses.
Mitochondrial Defects - answerLeads to cancer and aging, as well as muscle and
metabolic dysfunction.
Oxidation - answerLoss of electrons.
Reduction - answerAddition of electrons.
,What prevents glucose from instantly combining with oxygen? - answerActivation
Energy.
Glycolysis - answerOccurs in the cytosol. The process of breaking down the 6 carbon
molecule, glucose, into two 3 carbon pyruvate. The breaking of this bond creates 2
ATP. Does not require oxygen. NAD+, 1 Glucose, and 2 ATP go in while 2 pyruvate,
NADH, and 4 ATP come out.
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation - answerGeneration of ATP and ADP from a
phosphorylated substrate.
Anaerobic - answerA process which does not require the input of oxygen.
Aerobic - answerA process which requires the input of oxygen.
Pyruvate - answerA 3 carbon molecule that is made from the hydrolysis of glucose.
Pyruvate Oxidation - answerOccurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. Pyruvate (3
carbon) and NADH+ go in while Acetyl CoA and NADH come out.
Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb's Cycle) - answerOccurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. Acetyl
CoA (2 Carbon), NAD+/FAD+, and ADP go in while CO2 (1 Carbon), NADH/FADH2,
and ATP come out.
Electron Transport Chain or Oxidative Phosphorylation - answerOccurs in the inner
membrane of the mitochondria. NADH and FADH2 carry electron through the transport
chain and pump protons against their gradient. Oxidative Phosphorylation produces
around 34 ATP through ATP synthase.
Chemiosmosis - answerThe movement of ions down their concentration gradient.
ATP Synthase - answerUses the process of chemiosmosis to transport H ions through it
and produce ATP by oxygen accepting the H ions to make H2O
Photosynthesis - answerProcess used by autotrophs. Turns solar energy into chemical
energy and occurs inside the chloroplast. light and water go in and glucose and oxygen
come out.
Light Reaction - answerOccurs in the Thylakoid Membrane. Solar energy excites the
electron as it moves through photosystem II and I. Protons create an acidic thylakoid
lumen. NADP+ accepts electrons to produce NADPH. Light, H2O, and NAPD+ go in
while O2, ATP, and NADPH come out.
Calvin Cycle (Dark Reaction) - answerOccurs in the stroma. NADPH, ATP, and CO2 go
in while ADP, NADP, and glucose come out.
, Hershey and Chase Experiment - answerProved that DNA is the genetic material, not
proteins.
Bacterial Transformation - answerRefers to the assimilation of external DNA into the
cell.
Transcription - answerThe process in which DNA is transcribed into mRNA. Occurs in
the nucleus. The three steps include: initiation, elongation, and termination.
TATA Box - answerPromoter sequence to ease initiation which contains A and T
nucleotides because A and T only have 2 hydrogen bonds.
Leading Strand - answerThe strand of mRNA that is transcribed in a continuous stand
from DNA.
Lagging Stand - answerThe strand of mRNA that requires a series of primers which
results in small Okazaki fragments.
5' to 3' - answerThe direction in which DNA elongated
A and T - answer2 hydrogen bonds.
C and G - answer3 hydrogen bonds.
DNA Ligase - answerActs as glue to join Okazaki Fragments.
Okazaki Fragments - answerShort fragments of mRNA as it is transcribed from the
lagging strand.
DNA polymerase I - answerCuts out the primers in the mRNA sequence.
DNA polymerase III - answerAdds nucleotides to the 3' end.
Splicesomes - answerUsed during RNA splicing. Cuts out introns and joins exons.
RNA Process - answerThe modification of pre-mRNA to mRNA by adding a guanine
cap to the 5' end and a poly-A tail to the 3' end. Occurs in the nucleus. This ensures the
mRNA will not denature and facilitates the mRNA bonding to the ribosome.
Translation - answerThe process in which the codons on mRNA are bonded to the
anticodon, creating a polypeptide. Uses energy found within GTP. 5' to 3'.
Ribosomes - answerThe organelle that produces polypeptides. Contains a small subunit
and a large subunit which has a E, P, and an A site.
Bioenergetics - answer How energy flows through organisms.
ATP - answer Used for mechanical, transport, and chemical work. ATP is also an RNA
nucleotide.
Mechanical Work - answer Energy used in motor proteins and muscle cells during
contractions.
Transport Work - answer Energy used to move substances against their gradient.
Chemical Work - answer Energy used to convey polymers into monomers.
Gibs Free Energy - answer Portion of a systems energy that can preform work when
temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system.
Exergonic Reactions - answer Delta G is less than zero (-) and the reaction is
spontaneous. Example- ATP hydrolysis.
Endergonic Reactions - answerDelta G is greater than zero (+) and the reaction is non-
spontaneous.
Enzymes - answerLower energy barriers and can be denatured by temperature.
"Lock and Key" - answerPhrase used to describe the very specific nature of enzyme-
substrate interactions.
1st Law of Thermodynamics - answerEnergy is constant and cannot be created or
destroyed.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics - answerEvery energy transformation increases the
entropy in the universe.
Cellular Respiration - answerProcess used by heterotrophs. Occurs in the mitochondria
and produces majority of the energy our body constantly uses.
Mitochondrial Defects - answerLeads to cancer and aging, as well as muscle and
metabolic dysfunction.
Oxidation - answerLoss of electrons.
Reduction - answerAddition of electrons.
,What prevents glucose from instantly combining with oxygen? - answerActivation
Energy.
Glycolysis - answerOccurs in the cytosol. The process of breaking down the 6 carbon
molecule, glucose, into two 3 carbon pyruvate. The breaking of this bond creates 2
ATP. Does not require oxygen. NAD+, 1 Glucose, and 2 ATP go in while 2 pyruvate,
NADH, and 4 ATP come out.
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation - answerGeneration of ATP and ADP from a
phosphorylated substrate.
Anaerobic - answerA process which does not require the input of oxygen.
Aerobic - answerA process which requires the input of oxygen.
Pyruvate - answerA 3 carbon molecule that is made from the hydrolysis of glucose.
Pyruvate Oxidation - answerOccurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. Pyruvate (3
carbon) and NADH+ go in while Acetyl CoA and NADH come out.
Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb's Cycle) - answerOccurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. Acetyl
CoA (2 Carbon), NAD+/FAD+, and ADP go in while CO2 (1 Carbon), NADH/FADH2,
and ATP come out.
Electron Transport Chain or Oxidative Phosphorylation - answerOccurs in the inner
membrane of the mitochondria. NADH and FADH2 carry electron through the transport
chain and pump protons against their gradient. Oxidative Phosphorylation produces
around 34 ATP through ATP synthase.
Chemiosmosis - answerThe movement of ions down their concentration gradient.
ATP Synthase - answerUses the process of chemiosmosis to transport H ions through it
and produce ATP by oxygen accepting the H ions to make H2O
Photosynthesis - answerProcess used by autotrophs. Turns solar energy into chemical
energy and occurs inside the chloroplast. light and water go in and glucose and oxygen
come out.
Light Reaction - answerOccurs in the Thylakoid Membrane. Solar energy excites the
electron as it moves through photosystem II and I. Protons create an acidic thylakoid
lumen. NADP+ accepts electrons to produce NADPH. Light, H2O, and NAPD+ go in
while O2, ATP, and NADPH come out.
Calvin Cycle (Dark Reaction) - answerOccurs in the stroma. NADPH, ATP, and CO2 go
in while ADP, NADP, and glucose come out.
, Hershey and Chase Experiment - answerProved that DNA is the genetic material, not
proteins.
Bacterial Transformation - answerRefers to the assimilation of external DNA into the
cell.
Transcription - answerThe process in which DNA is transcribed into mRNA. Occurs in
the nucleus. The three steps include: initiation, elongation, and termination.
TATA Box - answerPromoter sequence to ease initiation which contains A and T
nucleotides because A and T only have 2 hydrogen bonds.
Leading Strand - answerThe strand of mRNA that is transcribed in a continuous stand
from DNA.
Lagging Stand - answerThe strand of mRNA that requires a series of primers which
results in small Okazaki fragments.
5' to 3' - answerThe direction in which DNA elongated
A and T - answer2 hydrogen bonds.
C and G - answer3 hydrogen bonds.
DNA Ligase - answerActs as glue to join Okazaki Fragments.
Okazaki Fragments - answerShort fragments of mRNA as it is transcribed from the
lagging strand.
DNA polymerase I - answerCuts out the primers in the mRNA sequence.
DNA polymerase III - answerAdds nucleotides to the 3' end.
Splicesomes - answerUsed during RNA splicing. Cuts out introns and joins exons.
RNA Process - answerThe modification of pre-mRNA to mRNA by adding a guanine
cap to the 5' end and a poly-A tail to the 3' end. Occurs in the nucleus. This ensures the
mRNA will not denature and facilitates the mRNA bonding to the ribosome.
Translation - answerThe process in which the codons on mRNA are bonded to the
anticodon, creating a polypeptide. Uses energy found within GTP. 5' to 3'.
Ribosomes - answerThe organelle that produces polypeptides. Contains a small subunit
and a large subunit which has a E, P, and an A site.
