WGU C785 Final Exam 2025 – Questions With Accurate
Solutions
What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like?
Correct Answer - amino group (NH2 or NH3), carboxyl group (COO or
COOH), alpha carbon (C), and variable group
How do you identify the 3 different types of side chains:
non-polar/hydrophobic, polar, and charged? Correct Answer - Non-
polar/hydrophobic - end with CH or "can't have" water. Polar - end with OH,
SH, or NH. Charged - end with a charge
what kinds of bonds do each of the 3 different types of side chains make?
Correct Answer - ionic, hydrophobic/non-polar, charged
What are the 4 levels of protein structure? Correct Answer - Primary -
linear structure, Secondary - Folded into helix or pleated sheet caused by
hydrogen bonding, tertiary - 3D structure caused by side chain interactions,
quaternary - 1+ amino acid chains combine = multiple subunits MUST have 1+
subunit
What enviormental change breaks each type of bond? Correct Answer -
hydrophobic - temperature change, ionic - salt or decreased pH, hydrogen -
temperature, change in pH, disulfide - reducing agents
what type of amino acid side chain leads to protein aggregration? Correct
Answer - hydrophobic bonds
how do environmental changes affect protein folding? Correct Answer -
Extreme temp can cause hydrogen bonds to break apart = malformation of
protein folding
how do mutations affect protein structure? Correct Answer - Can cause
structure to change. Protein loses form = loses function. May form a different
protein.
What is an electron? Correct Answer - Negatively charged atom on outer
ring for bonding
,What is energy: Correct Answer - Power derived fro chemical
interaction
what are covalent bonds? Correct Answer - chemical bond, atoms share
1+ valence electrons
what is an ionic bond? Correct Answer - bond between positive and
negative
what is a hydrogen bond? Correct Answer - weak bond between positive
and negative
with an amino? Correct Answer - piece of amino acid, NH2 or NH3
what is a carboyxl? Correct Answer - piece of amino acid, COO or COOH
What is hydrophobic? Correct Answer - Doesn't like water, end with CH
what is hydrophilic? Correct Answer - Water Lovering, end with OH, NH,
or SH
what is disulfide bond? Correct Answer - strongest bond between
reduction agents, formed between SH's.
what are zwitterions? Correct Answer - amino with positive and
negative charges = overall charge of zero
what is a polypeptide Correct Answer - polymer of amino acids
What is dehydration synthesis? Correct Answer - Process of forming
peptide bonds
what is hydrolysis? Correct Answer - adding water to destroy bonds
what is an alpha helix? Correct Answer - twisted secondary structure,
formed by hydrogen bonds
, what is a beta sheet? Correct Answer - folded second structure shape,
formed by hydrogen bonds
what is denaturation? Correct Answer - loss of shape duet o interruption
of chemical bonds; occurs via extreme salt, temp, pH
what is aggregation? Correct Answer - clumping of inner or outer
cellular proteins caused by misfolded proteins leading to diseases such as
Alzheimers, ALS, Parkinson's
how do enzymes catalyze reactions? Correct Answer - bind with
substrates to decrease activation energy required and decrease reaction rate
how do enzymes affect reaction rate and activation energy? Correct Answer
- decrease activation energy and decrease reaction rate
what are the 4 steps of the enzymatic cycle? Correct Answer - enzyme
recognizes substrate, substrate attracts the enzyme; enzyme-substrate
complex is formed; enzyme-product complex formed; product is released,
enzyme recycled
how do environmental changes affect enzymes? Correct Answer - High
heat, pH change, high salt concentration, and reducing agents can cause an
enzyme to lose its form/lose function
what is a competitive inhibitor? Correct Answer - Mimics substrate and
takes its place on the active binding site
what is a noncompetitive inhibitor? Correct Answer - Binds to allosteric
site causing active site to change shape = preventing substrate from binding
with enzyme
what molecules increase/build up or decrease given a specific inhibitor? A ->
(enzyme 1) -> B -> (enzyme 2) -> C -> (enzyme 3) -> D. Pretend Enzyme 2 is
inhibited. Correct Answer - Inhibitor would cause a build up for product
B, decrease product C. Enzyme 3 and product D would not be created.
what is substrate? Correct Answer - the substance on which an enzyme
acts
Solutions
What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like?
Correct Answer - amino group (NH2 or NH3), carboxyl group (COO or
COOH), alpha carbon (C), and variable group
How do you identify the 3 different types of side chains:
non-polar/hydrophobic, polar, and charged? Correct Answer - Non-
polar/hydrophobic - end with CH or "can't have" water. Polar - end with OH,
SH, or NH. Charged - end with a charge
what kinds of bonds do each of the 3 different types of side chains make?
Correct Answer - ionic, hydrophobic/non-polar, charged
What are the 4 levels of protein structure? Correct Answer - Primary -
linear structure, Secondary - Folded into helix or pleated sheet caused by
hydrogen bonding, tertiary - 3D structure caused by side chain interactions,
quaternary - 1+ amino acid chains combine = multiple subunits MUST have 1+
subunit
What enviormental change breaks each type of bond? Correct Answer -
hydrophobic - temperature change, ionic - salt or decreased pH, hydrogen -
temperature, change in pH, disulfide - reducing agents
what type of amino acid side chain leads to protein aggregration? Correct
Answer - hydrophobic bonds
how do environmental changes affect protein folding? Correct Answer -
Extreme temp can cause hydrogen bonds to break apart = malformation of
protein folding
how do mutations affect protein structure? Correct Answer - Can cause
structure to change. Protein loses form = loses function. May form a different
protein.
What is an electron? Correct Answer - Negatively charged atom on outer
ring for bonding
,What is energy: Correct Answer - Power derived fro chemical
interaction
what are covalent bonds? Correct Answer - chemical bond, atoms share
1+ valence electrons
what is an ionic bond? Correct Answer - bond between positive and
negative
what is a hydrogen bond? Correct Answer - weak bond between positive
and negative
with an amino? Correct Answer - piece of amino acid, NH2 or NH3
what is a carboyxl? Correct Answer - piece of amino acid, COO or COOH
What is hydrophobic? Correct Answer - Doesn't like water, end with CH
what is hydrophilic? Correct Answer - Water Lovering, end with OH, NH,
or SH
what is disulfide bond? Correct Answer - strongest bond between
reduction agents, formed between SH's.
what are zwitterions? Correct Answer - amino with positive and
negative charges = overall charge of zero
what is a polypeptide Correct Answer - polymer of amino acids
What is dehydration synthesis? Correct Answer - Process of forming
peptide bonds
what is hydrolysis? Correct Answer - adding water to destroy bonds
what is an alpha helix? Correct Answer - twisted secondary structure,
formed by hydrogen bonds
, what is a beta sheet? Correct Answer - folded second structure shape,
formed by hydrogen bonds
what is denaturation? Correct Answer - loss of shape duet o interruption
of chemical bonds; occurs via extreme salt, temp, pH
what is aggregation? Correct Answer - clumping of inner or outer
cellular proteins caused by misfolded proteins leading to diseases such as
Alzheimers, ALS, Parkinson's
how do enzymes catalyze reactions? Correct Answer - bind with
substrates to decrease activation energy required and decrease reaction rate
how do enzymes affect reaction rate and activation energy? Correct Answer
- decrease activation energy and decrease reaction rate
what are the 4 steps of the enzymatic cycle? Correct Answer - enzyme
recognizes substrate, substrate attracts the enzyme; enzyme-substrate
complex is formed; enzyme-product complex formed; product is released,
enzyme recycled
how do environmental changes affect enzymes? Correct Answer - High
heat, pH change, high salt concentration, and reducing agents can cause an
enzyme to lose its form/lose function
what is a competitive inhibitor? Correct Answer - Mimics substrate and
takes its place on the active binding site
what is a noncompetitive inhibitor? Correct Answer - Binds to allosteric
site causing active site to change shape = preventing substrate from binding
with enzyme
what molecules increase/build up or decrease given a specific inhibitor? A ->
(enzyme 1) -> B -> (enzyme 2) -> C -> (enzyme 3) -> D. Pretend Enzyme 2 is
inhibited. Correct Answer - Inhibitor would cause a build up for product
B, decrease product C. Enzyme 3 and product D would not be created.
what is substrate? Correct Answer - the substance on which an enzyme
acts
