NURS 642 EXAM

This robust and fully detailed guide for NURS 642 Exam 3 contains over 300 solved questions with verified answers and clinical explanations, tailored for the 2025/2026 academic year. Designed for graduate-level nurse practitioner students, this resource dives deep into renal, endocrine, and electrolyte disorders, making it essential for mastering complex case scenarios and board-style questions. The renal section includes acute kidney injury (AKI) workup, management, diagnostics (urinalysis, renal ultrasound, FENa, BUN:Cr ratio), and complications such as uremia, electrolyte imbalance, and indications for dialysis. It also covers chronic kidney disease (CKD) diagnosis (GFR, proteinuria), labs (hyperphosphatemia, anemia, metabolic acidosis), and long-term treatment (ACE inhibitors, phosphate binders, EPO, sodium bicarbonate). Electrolyte disorders are examined in detail—hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, and acid-base imbalances (anion gap vs non-anion gap metabolic acidosis), including causes, diagnostics (TTKG, serum osmolality), EKG findings, and treatments like potassium repletion, DDAVP, hypertonic saline, and bicarbonate therapy. The endocrine segment includes adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease), acute adrenal crisis, Cushing syndrome/disease, hyperaldosteronism, and hypercalcemia, with focused attention on hormone levels (ACTH, cortisol), diagnostic testing (cosyntropin, CT/MRI), and pharmacologic management (hydrocortisone, spironolactone, ketoconazole). Additional content includes nephrotic syndrome criteria and treatment, thyroid function testing, and the evaluation of SIADH and volume-status-driven hyponatremia. Recommended for: Adult-Gerontology and Family Nurse Practitioner students (AGNP, FNP) Acute Care NP and DNP students in nephrology or endocrinology tracks Courses in Advanced Pathophysiology, Internal Medicine, and Clinical Management Certification prep for ANCC, AANP, and high-level board exams Keywords: AKI criteria, BUN:Cr ratio, nephrotoxic drugs, oliguria, FENa interpretation, CKD staging, phosphate binders, uremic symptoms, hyperkalemia ECG, sodium bicarb, hyponatremia osmolality, SIADH, Cushing symptoms, Addison crisis, ACTH testing, spironolactone side effects, nephrotic range proteinuria, metabolic acidosis causes, RTA, hyperaldosteronism HTN, TTKG use, thiazide effect, hormone disorders