CSCS Exam with Accurate Solutions
A skeletal _________is made up of many __________, which contain muscle
___________or muscle ____________ that are multinucleated. Each of these contain
_____________which are the primary intracellular structure (cylindar shaped) which
make up the _________and contain thick protein filaments called_______and thin
protein filaments called_________. Myosin filament contains globular heads called____
- ANSWER-skeletal muscle is made up of many fascicles, which contain muscle fibers
or muscle cells that are multinucleated. Each of these contain myofibrils which are the
primary intracellular structure (cylindar shaped) which make up the sarcomere and
contain thick protein filaments called myosin and thin protein filaments called actin.
Myosin contains globular heads call cross bridges.
Endomysium=wraps each individual muscle fibre.
Perimysium = wraps fasicles.
Epimysium = wraps the whole muscle.
Average sarcomere size - ANSWER-2.2 microns
The sarcoplasmic reticulum contains invaginations called_________________ which
function to: - ANSWER-t tubules
allow action potential across surface of cell into the cell or myofibril
Sarcomere arrangment:
I bands=
A bands=
Z line or disc=
H zone=
M Line= - ANSWER-I bands= actin, thin filaments
A bands= myosin filaments and part of actin that overlaps (thick)
Z line or disc= connect 1 sarcomere to another
H zone=contains myosin only
M Line=through center of H zone. Contains proteins to hold gother myosin molecules
16 step sequence of events for muscle contraction to occur. Excitation
contraction/sliding filament theory - ANSWER-1. m and h gates open
2. Sodium influx into nerve cell
3. Action potential travels along neuronal axon to synaptic bouton
4. Calcium moves through voltage gated channel into synaptic bouton
5. Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft
6. Acetylcholine binds to acetylcholine receptor
7. Sodium influx into muscle cell
,8. Action potential travels along sarcolemma
9. Action potential travels down T tubule
10. Calcium released from lateral sarcoplasmic reticulum
11. Calcium binds to troponin
12. Tropomyosin is moved off the actin binding site
13. Actin & myosin binding occurs, ADP-Pi for cocking of myosin head
14. Actin is slid over myosin, ADP-Pi released during powerstroke
15. ATP binds to myosin head breaking bond between actin and myosin
-hydrolizes to ADP-Pi for repeated process or stay ATP for muscle relaxation
16. Calcium pumped back into lateral sacs
What 2 things are necessary for myosin cross bridge cycling with actin filaments? -
ANSWER-Calcium and ATP
How are motor units recruited? - ANSWER-from smallest to largest
larger motor unit=larger recruitment
type I is recruited first, then type IIa, then type IIx
List the type of contractions that require the greatest maximal tension from greatest to
least. - ANSWER-eccentric>isometric> concentric
you can lower a weight which you cannot hold, You can hold a weight which you cannot
lift
eccentric contraction produces the greatest maximal tension.
Least ATP needed for eccentric!
What are the 3 types of muscle fibers? - ANSWER-Type I:slow twitch--efficient and
fatigue resistant. Aerobic energy supply. Limited in force and quick movement. Low
anaerobic power. Postureal muscles. small diameter
Type IIa: intermediate (qualities of both slow and fast twitch)has greater oxidative
capacity than IIx
Type IIx:fast glycolytic (flight or fright) can convert to IIa
type IIx: not as efficient, fatiguable.Low aerobic capacity. Lots of quick energy and
power. large diameter-more motor units
How can athletes improve force production? - ANSWER-1. recruit large muscle or
muscle groups during activity.
2. increase cross sectional area of muscles
3. preload a Mm just before concentric action
preload to improve strength early in ROM
, -isokinetic machines do not load the muscle prior to contraction
How do you preload a muscle? - ANSWER-hold dumbbell in position before you start to
contract the muscle and get it firing.
Machines do not preload muscles.
Function of GTOs (golgi tendon organs) - ANSWER-proprioceptors in tendons near
myotendinous junction.
activated when tendon is stretched and results in inhibition of motor neuron that
RELAXES the muscle.
Function of spindles. - ANSWER-proprioceptors in sheath of connective tissue.
when muscle lengthens, the spindles stretch and results in CONTRACTION.
Sarcopenia: - ANSWER-reduced muscle size and strength w/ aging or inactivity.
Most affects HS, quads, trunk extensors, gastrocs, then lastly elbow flexors and
extensors.
loss in both type of fibers.
What is the 2 primary roles of the cardiovascular system? - ANSWER-transport nutrient
and remove waste products.
regulate acid base system, fluids, temp.
Primary role of respiratory system - ANSWER-exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
P wave and QRS complex= - ANSWER-depolarization. Cell becomes less negative.
P wave=depolarization atria
QRS= depolarization ventricles
SNS= (+) ionotropic and chronotropic
PNS= (-) chronotropic effect
Heart conduction system. - ANSWER-SA node
AV node
Bundle HIS
Perkinje Fibers
Where are oxygen, fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones and other substances
exchanged? - ANSWER-capillaries
A skeletal _________is made up of many __________, which contain muscle
___________or muscle ____________ that are multinucleated. Each of these contain
_____________which are the primary intracellular structure (cylindar shaped) which
make up the _________and contain thick protein filaments called_______and thin
protein filaments called_________. Myosin filament contains globular heads called____
- ANSWER-skeletal muscle is made up of many fascicles, which contain muscle fibers
or muscle cells that are multinucleated. Each of these contain myofibrils which are the
primary intracellular structure (cylindar shaped) which make up the sarcomere and
contain thick protein filaments called myosin and thin protein filaments called actin.
Myosin contains globular heads call cross bridges.
Endomysium=wraps each individual muscle fibre.
Perimysium = wraps fasicles.
Epimysium = wraps the whole muscle.
Average sarcomere size - ANSWER-2.2 microns
The sarcoplasmic reticulum contains invaginations called_________________ which
function to: - ANSWER-t tubules
allow action potential across surface of cell into the cell or myofibril
Sarcomere arrangment:
I bands=
A bands=
Z line or disc=
H zone=
M Line= - ANSWER-I bands= actin, thin filaments
A bands= myosin filaments and part of actin that overlaps (thick)
Z line or disc= connect 1 sarcomere to another
H zone=contains myosin only
M Line=through center of H zone. Contains proteins to hold gother myosin molecules
16 step sequence of events for muscle contraction to occur. Excitation
contraction/sliding filament theory - ANSWER-1. m and h gates open
2. Sodium influx into nerve cell
3. Action potential travels along neuronal axon to synaptic bouton
4. Calcium moves through voltage gated channel into synaptic bouton
5. Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft
6. Acetylcholine binds to acetylcholine receptor
7. Sodium influx into muscle cell
,8. Action potential travels along sarcolemma
9. Action potential travels down T tubule
10. Calcium released from lateral sarcoplasmic reticulum
11. Calcium binds to troponin
12. Tropomyosin is moved off the actin binding site
13. Actin & myosin binding occurs, ADP-Pi for cocking of myosin head
14. Actin is slid over myosin, ADP-Pi released during powerstroke
15. ATP binds to myosin head breaking bond between actin and myosin
-hydrolizes to ADP-Pi for repeated process or stay ATP for muscle relaxation
16. Calcium pumped back into lateral sacs
What 2 things are necessary for myosin cross bridge cycling with actin filaments? -
ANSWER-Calcium and ATP
How are motor units recruited? - ANSWER-from smallest to largest
larger motor unit=larger recruitment
type I is recruited first, then type IIa, then type IIx
List the type of contractions that require the greatest maximal tension from greatest to
least. - ANSWER-eccentric>isometric> concentric
you can lower a weight which you cannot hold, You can hold a weight which you cannot
lift
eccentric contraction produces the greatest maximal tension.
Least ATP needed for eccentric!
What are the 3 types of muscle fibers? - ANSWER-Type I:slow twitch--efficient and
fatigue resistant. Aerobic energy supply. Limited in force and quick movement. Low
anaerobic power. Postureal muscles. small diameter
Type IIa: intermediate (qualities of both slow and fast twitch)has greater oxidative
capacity than IIx
Type IIx:fast glycolytic (flight or fright) can convert to IIa
type IIx: not as efficient, fatiguable.Low aerobic capacity. Lots of quick energy and
power. large diameter-more motor units
How can athletes improve force production? - ANSWER-1. recruit large muscle or
muscle groups during activity.
2. increase cross sectional area of muscles
3. preload a Mm just before concentric action
preload to improve strength early in ROM
, -isokinetic machines do not load the muscle prior to contraction
How do you preload a muscle? - ANSWER-hold dumbbell in position before you start to
contract the muscle and get it firing.
Machines do not preload muscles.
Function of GTOs (golgi tendon organs) - ANSWER-proprioceptors in tendons near
myotendinous junction.
activated when tendon is stretched and results in inhibition of motor neuron that
RELAXES the muscle.
Function of spindles. - ANSWER-proprioceptors in sheath of connective tissue.
when muscle lengthens, the spindles stretch and results in CONTRACTION.
Sarcopenia: - ANSWER-reduced muscle size and strength w/ aging or inactivity.
Most affects HS, quads, trunk extensors, gastrocs, then lastly elbow flexors and
extensors.
loss in both type of fibers.
What is the 2 primary roles of the cardiovascular system? - ANSWER-transport nutrient
and remove waste products.
regulate acid base system, fluids, temp.
Primary role of respiratory system - ANSWER-exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
P wave and QRS complex= - ANSWER-depolarization. Cell becomes less negative.
P wave=depolarization atria
QRS= depolarization ventricles
SNS= (+) ionotropic and chronotropic
PNS= (-) chronotropic effect
Heart conduction system. - ANSWER-SA node
AV node
Bundle HIS
Perkinje Fibers
Where are oxygen, fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones and other substances
exchanged? - ANSWER-capillaries
