DHN 311 FINAL PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔How do transcription and replication resemble each other? - ✔✔-synthesizes in the
same direction 5'-3'
-use of a template (DNA template strand)
-both have initiation, elongation and termination
✔✔True or False: transcription is highly selective - ✔✔True, only certain regions of the
DNA are transcribed depending on signaling molecules
✔✔What are the 4 players of transcription? - ✔✔1. RNA polymerases (enzyme)
2. Promoter region
3. Transcription factors
4. Enhancers
✔✔What does RNA polymerase do in transcription? - ✔✔unwinds double stranded DNA
-initiates the process
-adds next nucleotide base
-responsible for terminating (stopping) transcription
✔✔What polymerase synthesizes rRNA? - ✔✔RNA polymerase I
✔✔What polymerase synthesizes mRNA? - ✔✔RNA polymerase II
✔✔What polymerase synthesizes tRNA? - ✔✔RNA polymerase III
✔✔What is the starting point of RNA template? - ✔✔promoter region
✔✔What is a promoter region? - ✔✔binding site for RNA polymerase and transcription
factors
✔✔How does RNA polymerase recognize the promoter region? - ✔✔transcription
factors bound to the promoter
✔✔what do transcription factors do? - ✔✔-recruit or block RNA polymerases
-helps regulate gene expression
-controls transcription
-help polymerase know where to bind
-increase or decrease gene expression at the level of polymerase
✔✔What are enhancers? - ✔✔a part of RNA polymerases that increases the rate of
initiation and a promoters effectiveness
, ✔✔Where can enhancers appear on the DNA chain? - ✔✔upstream or downstream
✔✔What is upstream? - ✔✔towards the 5' end from promoter
✔✔What is downstream? - ✔✔towards the 3' end from promoter
✔✔What happens during initiation in transcription? - ✔✔transcription factor binds to
promoter region and polymerase is recruited to the site
✔✔What happens during elongation in transcription? - ✔✔RNA polymerase attaches to
the promoter site and unwinds a segment of DNA and separates the strands to reach
the template
✔✔What happens during termination in transcription? - ✔✔RNA polymerase reaches a
termination signal and the newly formed RNA transcript is released from the DNA
✔✔What happens after transcription? - ✔✔-mRNA(any RNA type) leaves the nucleus
and travels to the ribosomes
✔✔What is translation? - ✔✔RNA to protein
-protein synthesis
✔✔What is the purpose of translation? - ✔✔put together amino acids to produce protein
✔✔_________ Creates the transcript (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) and _____________
translates that message into the form of a protein - ✔✔Transcription, translation
✔✔What RNA is found in ribosomes? - ✔✔rRNA
✔✔How is information traveled to the ribosome? - ✔✔as mRNA
✔✔What is the first step of translation? - ✔✔tRNA binds to empty 'A' site within the
ribosome and matches anti-codon to codon on the mRNA
✔✔Whats a codon? - ✔✔group of three nucleotide bases
✔✔What is a peptide bond? - ✔✔covalent bond between amino acids
✔✔What is peptidyl transferase? - ✔✔forms peptide bonds
✔✔what is the second step of translation? - ✔✔Peptidyl transferase forms the peptide
bonds between amino acids and transfers the peptide chain from the 'p' site onto the
amino acid docked in the 'A' site
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔How do transcription and replication resemble each other? - ✔✔-synthesizes in the
same direction 5'-3'
-use of a template (DNA template strand)
-both have initiation, elongation and termination
✔✔True or False: transcription is highly selective - ✔✔True, only certain regions of the
DNA are transcribed depending on signaling molecules
✔✔What are the 4 players of transcription? - ✔✔1. RNA polymerases (enzyme)
2. Promoter region
3. Transcription factors
4. Enhancers
✔✔What does RNA polymerase do in transcription? - ✔✔unwinds double stranded DNA
-initiates the process
-adds next nucleotide base
-responsible for terminating (stopping) transcription
✔✔What polymerase synthesizes rRNA? - ✔✔RNA polymerase I
✔✔What polymerase synthesizes mRNA? - ✔✔RNA polymerase II
✔✔What polymerase synthesizes tRNA? - ✔✔RNA polymerase III
✔✔What is the starting point of RNA template? - ✔✔promoter region
✔✔What is a promoter region? - ✔✔binding site for RNA polymerase and transcription
factors
✔✔How does RNA polymerase recognize the promoter region? - ✔✔transcription
factors bound to the promoter
✔✔what do transcription factors do? - ✔✔-recruit or block RNA polymerases
-helps regulate gene expression
-controls transcription
-help polymerase know where to bind
-increase or decrease gene expression at the level of polymerase
✔✔What are enhancers? - ✔✔a part of RNA polymerases that increases the rate of
initiation and a promoters effectiveness
, ✔✔Where can enhancers appear on the DNA chain? - ✔✔upstream or downstream
✔✔What is upstream? - ✔✔towards the 5' end from promoter
✔✔What is downstream? - ✔✔towards the 3' end from promoter
✔✔What happens during initiation in transcription? - ✔✔transcription factor binds to
promoter region and polymerase is recruited to the site
✔✔What happens during elongation in transcription? - ✔✔RNA polymerase attaches to
the promoter site and unwinds a segment of DNA and separates the strands to reach
the template
✔✔What happens during termination in transcription? - ✔✔RNA polymerase reaches a
termination signal and the newly formed RNA transcript is released from the DNA
✔✔What happens after transcription? - ✔✔-mRNA(any RNA type) leaves the nucleus
and travels to the ribosomes
✔✔What is translation? - ✔✔RNA to protein
-protein synthesis
✔✔What is the purpose of translation? - ✔✔put together amino acids to produce protein
✔✔_________ Creates the transcript (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) and _____________
translates that message into the form of a protein - ✔✔Transcription, translation
✔✔What RNA is found in ribosomes? - ✔✔rRNA
✔✔How is information traveled to the ribosome? - ✔✔as mRNA
✔✔What is the first step of translation? - ✔✔tRNA binds to empty 'A' site within the
ribosome and matches anti-codon to codon on the mRNA
✔✔Whats a codon? - ✔✔group of three nucleotide bases
✔✔What is a peptide bond? - ✔✔covalent bond between amino acids
✔✔What is peptidyl transferase? - ✔✔forms peptide bonds
✔✔what is the second step of translation? - ✔✔Peptidyl transferase forms the peptide
bonds between amino acids and transfers the peptide chain from the 'p' site onto the
amino acid docked in the 'A' site
