DHN 311 EXAM SCRIPT 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Substrate Level Phosphorylation - ✔✔Involves direct synthesis of ATP from ADP
and a reactive intermediate (typically a high-energy PHOSPHATE-containing molecule).
SLP is a relatively minor contributor to the total synthesis of triphosphates by cells.
✔✔Example of Substrate Level Phosphorylation
(From glycolysis) - ✔✔PEP + ADP -> Pyruvate + ATP
Rxn has a very negative Delta G; donates phosphate to generate ATP.
✔✔Electron Transport/Oxidative Phosphorylation - ✔✔Through the oxidation of energy-
rich molecules, such as carbs to CO2 and water, there is a transport of electrons that
LOSE much of their free energy that is captured and stored by the production of ATP
from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).
✔✔Carbohydrates - ✔✔Most abundant organic molecules in nature.
✔✔Following the consumption of carbohydrates the hormone ...... - ✔✔Insulin is
released because at this point the human is in the FED state.
✔✔Major pathways that CARBOHYDRATES are involved in: - ✔✔-Glycolysis
-Glycogenesis
-Pentose Phosphate Pathway
-Gluconeogenesis
✔✔Cellular Respiration - ✔✔Cells consume O2 and PRODUCE CO2.
✔✔The carbolism of proteins, fats and carbs occur in ..... - ✔✔3 stages of Cellular
respiration.
✔✔Stage 1: Cell Respiration - ✔✔Oxidation of fatty acids, glucose, and some amino
acids to yield acetyl-CoA.
✔✔Stage 2: Cell Respiration - ✔✔Oxidation of acetyl groups in the citric acid cycle
resulting in the generation of reducing equivalents
(NADH/FADH2 -> Electron Carriers).
✔✔Stage 3: Cell Respiration - ✔✔Elections carried by NADH and FADH2 (reducing
equivalents) are funneling into the ETC in the mitochondria (Generate ATP).
✔✔Glycolysis - ✔✔CATABOLIC metabolic pathway, that breaks down glucose.
, ✔✔Catabolic processes - ✔✔are ultimately the sources of ATP (energy) in cells. ATP
generated from GLYCOLYSIS is considered substate level formation of ATP.
✔✔Products of Glycolysis - ✔✔6 Carbon sugars are oxidized and broken down to 2
molecules of pyruvate.
2 molecules of ATP and NADH are also formed, respectively.
✔✔Glycolytic pathway is carried out by..... - ✔✔ALL tissues to breakdown glucose to
provide energy in the form of ATP and intermediates for other metabolic pathways.
✔✔Reactants of Glycolysis - ✔✔Conversion of glucose to pyruvate
(Happens in 2 stages)
✔✔Step 1: Glycolysis
Glucose Converted to Glucose 6-Phosphate - ✔✔Glucose is phosphorylated to G6P by
hexokinase or glucokinase, depending on which tissue the reaction takes place.
Energy from ATP is required to start this process.
Phosphorylation of glucose is a IRREVERSIBLE rxn.
✔✔Hexokinase - ✔✔Catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to G6P in MOST
TISSUES
✔✔Glucokinase - ✔✔Found in the liver and pancreas (low binding affinity).
✔✔Glucokinase/Hexokinase - ✔✔NOT used at the same time
✔✔Step 2: Glycolysis
G3P to F6P - ✔✔The enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase isomerizes G3P to F6P.
Reaction is REVERSIBLE and is not rate limiting or regulating step.
✔✔Step 3: Glycolysis
F6P to Fructose 1, 6 Bisphosphate - ✔✔The enzyme, PFK, phosphorylates F1, 6-bisP.
(Kinase adds P).
PFK rxn is an important regulatory site. This step commits the cell to metabolize
glucose rather than converting it to another sugar or storing it. This step is
IRREVERSIBLE.
Several molecules allosterically affect this enzyme.
✔✔Step 4: Glycolysis
Cleavage of F1,6-bisP - ✔✔The enzyme, aldolase, performs a lyase rxn which splits
F1,6-bisP into 2 triose phosphates: G3P and DHAP.
(Reversible)
✔✔Step 5: Glycolysis
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Substrate Level Phosphorylation - ✔✔Involves direct synthesis of ATP from ADP
and a reactive intermediate (typically a high-energy PHOSPHATE-containing molecule).
SLP is a relatively minor contributor to the total synthesis of triphosphates by cells.
✔✔Example of Substrate Level Phosphorylation
(From glycolysis) - ✔✔PEP + ADP -> Pyruvate + ATP
Rxn has a very negative Delta G; donates phosphate to generate ATP.
✔✔Electron Transport/Oxidative Phosphorylation - ✔✔Through the oxidation of energy-
rich molecules, such as carbs to CO2 and water, there is a transport of electrons that
LOSE much of their free energy that is captured and stored by the production of ATP
from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).
✔✔Carbohydrates - ✔✔Most abundant organic molecules in nature.
✔✔Following the consumption of carbohydrates the hormone ...... - ✔✔Insulin is
released because at this point the human is in the FED state.
✔✔Major pathways that CARBOHYDRATES are involved in: - ✔✔-Glycolysis
-Glycogenesis
-Pentose Phosphate Pathway
-Gluconeogenesis
✔✔Cellular Respiration - ✔✔Cells consume O2 and PRODUCE CO2.
✔✔The carbolism of proteins, fats and carbs occur in ..... - ✔✔3 stages of Cellular
respiration.
✔✔Stage 1: Cell Respiration - ✔✔Oxidation of fatty acids, glucose, and some amino
acids to yield acetyl-CoA.
✔✔Stage 2: Cell Respiration - ✔✔Oxidation of acetyl groups in the citric acid cycle
resulting in the generation of reducing equivalents
(NADH/FADH2 -> Electron Carriers).
✔✔Stage 3: Cell Respiration - ✔✔Elections carried by NADH and FADH2 (reducing
equivalents) are funneling into the ETC in the mitochondria (Generate ATP).
✔✔Glycolysis - ✔✔CATABOLIC metabolic pathway, that breaks down glucose.
, ✔✔Catabolic processes - ✔✔are ultimately the sources of ATP (energy) in cells. ATP
generated from GLYCOLYSIS is considered substate level formation of ATP.
✔✔Products of Glycolysis - ✔✔6 Carbon sugars are oxidized and broken down to 2
molecules of pyruvate.
2 molecules of ATP and NADH are also formed, respectively.
✔✔Glycolytic pathway is carried out by..... - ✔✔ALL tissues to breakdown glucose to
provide energy in the form of ATP and intermediates for other metabolic pathways.
✔✔Reactants of Glycolysis - ✔✔Conversion of glucose to pyruvate
(Happens in 2 stages)
✔✔Step 1: Glycolysis
Glucose Converted to Glucose 6-Phosphate - ✔✔Glucose is phosphorylated to G6P by
hexokinase or glucokinase, depending on which tissue the reaction takes place.
Energy from ATP is required to start this process.
Phosphorylation of glucose is a IRREVERSIBLE rxn.
✔✔Hexokinase - ✔✔Catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to G6P in MOST
TISSUES
✔✔Glucokinase - ✔✔Found in the liver and pancreas (low binding affinity).
✔✔Glucokinase/Hexokinase - ✔✔NOT used at the same time
✔✔Step 2: Glycolysis
G3P to F6P - ✔✔The enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase isomerizes G3P to F6P.
Reaction is REVERSIBLE and is not rate limiting or regulating step.
✔✔Step 3: Glycolysis
F6P to Fructose 1, 6 Bisphosphate - ✔✔The enzyme, PFK, phosphorylates F1, 6-bisP.
(Kinase adds P).
PFK rxn is an important regulatory site. This step commits the cell to metabolize
glucose rather than converting it to another sugar or storing it. This step is
IRREVERSIBLE.
Several molecules allosterically affect this enzyme.
✔✔Step 4: Glycolysis
Cleavage of F1,6-bisP - ✔✔The enzyme, aldolase, performs a lyase rxn which splits
F1,6-bisP into 2 triose phosphates: G3P and DHAP.
(Reversible)
✔✔Step 5: Glycolysis
