NU643 week 4 quiz 2
Comprehensive Questions
(Frequently Tested) with
Verified Answers Graded A+
theories of schizophrenia. - Answer: Elevations of dopamine, epigenetics (genes being turned
on and off due to environment), eNMDA/ glutamate defective genes inherited- environmental
pressures turn on defective genes
mesocortical dopamine pathway - Answer: Neg symptoms: 5 As alogia, avolition, asociality,
anhendonia, affective blunting, VTA to prefrontal cortex: cognitive changes, slowing of thought
(low levels of dopamine in mesocortical pathway), drugs target this area to inc dopamine
(because there is less dopamine)
tuberoinfundibular dopamine pathway - Answer: inc prolactin, due to the hypothamus, blocks
dopamine, which in turn increases prolactin (inverse relationship with dopamine (amenorrhea,
galactorrhea (milk in breast)-risperidone
nigrostriatal dopamine pathway - Answer: Movement disorders: tardive dyskinesia,
extrapyramidal symptoms, parkinsons's, slow brady-dyskinesia, tremors
mesolimbic dopamine pathway - Answer: positive symptoms: (hallucinations, rapid speech,
delusions) hyperactivity in this pathway. The mesolimbic pathway, sometimes referred to as the
reward pathway, is a dopaminergic pathway in the brain.
, conventional/typical antipsychotics - Answer: haloperidol and chlorpromazine (1st generation)
tend to block dopamine D2 receptors in all of the dopaminergic pathways of the brain.
atypical 2nd generations - Answer: Less EPS, less movement disorders, less side effects;
Nonselectivity of receptor sites, serotonin (5HT) blocker also (stimulates dopamine release
further down in the brain), dopamine blocker (dopamine is not blocked as fully as conventional
antipsychotics)
EPS - Answer: Caused by blocking of dopamine D2 receptors (risperidone inc'd risk of EPS in
high doses)
tardive dyskinesia - Answer: Low dopamine in the nigrostriatal ( d/t to blockage of D2 receptors)
long term antipsychotics esp 1st gen. lip smacking repetitive and uncontrolled (d/c med or +/-
clozapine)
Risperidone - Answer: has highest risk of these EPS (esp in high doses)
NMS - Answer: Medical emergency
High fevers, confusions, rigid muscles, low or variable BP, altered mental status, rapid breathing,
stiff, sweating, high HR: tx (3 d's )d/c antipsychotics/dantrolene/dopamine agonist
akathisia - Answer: inability to sit still Inner restlessness, inc of movement (can resolve over
time)
Treat: beta blocker (propanolol),
Dystonia - Answer: sustained muscular contraction oculogytric crisis (anticholinergics)
Parkinsonism - Answer: cogwheel rigidity, smacking, repetitive and uncontrolled
Comprehensive Questions
(Frequently Tested) with
Verified Answers Graded A+
theories of schizophrenia. - Answer: Elevations of dopamine, epigenetics (genes being turned
on and off due to environment), eNMDA/ glutamate defective genes inherited- environmental
pressures turn on defective genes
mesocortical dopamine pathway - Answer: Neg symptoms: 5 As alogia, avolition, asociality,
anhendonia, affective blunting, VTA to prefrontal cortex: cognitive changes, slowing of thought
(low levels of dopamine in mesocortical pathway), drugs target this area to inc dopamine
(because there is less dopamine)
tuberoinfundibular dopamine pathway - Answer: inc prolactin, due to the hypothamus, blocks
dopamine, which in turn increases prolactin (inverse relationship with dopamine (amenorrhea,
galactorrhea (milk in breast)-risperidone
nigrostriatal dopamine pathway - Answer: Movement disorders: tardive dyskinesia,
extrapyramidal symptoms, parkinsons's, slow brady-dyskinesia, tremors
mesolimbic dopamine pathway - Answer: positive symptoms: (hallucinations, rapid speech,
delusions) hyperactivity in this pathway. The mesolimbic pathway, sometimes referred to as the
reward pathway, is a dopaminergic pathway in the brain.
, conventional/typical antipsychotics - Answer: haloperidol and chlorpromazine (1st generation)
tend to block dopamine D2 receptors in all of the dopaminergic pathways of the brain.
atypical 2nd generations - Answer: Less EPS, less movement disorders, less side effects;
Nonselectivity of receptor sites, serotonin (5HT) blocker also (stimulates dopamine release
further down in the brain), dopamine blocker (dopamine is not blocked as fully as conventional
antipsychotics)
EPS - Answer: Caused by blocking of dopamine D2 receptors (risperidone inc'd risk of EPS in
high doses)
tardive dyskinesia - Answer: Low dopamine in the nigrostriatal ( d/t to blockage of D2 receptors)
long term antipsychotics esp 1st gen. lip smacking repetitive and uncontrolled (d/c med or +/-
clozapine)
Risperidone - Answer: has highest risk of these EPS (esp in high doses)
NMS - Answer: Medical emergency
High fevers, confusions, rigid muscles, low or variable BP, altered mental status, rapid breathing,
stiff, sweating, high HR: tx (3 d's )d/c antipsychotics/dantrolene/dopamine agonist
akathisia - Answer: inability to sit still Inner restlessness, inc of movement (can resolve over
time)
Treat: beta blocker (propanolol),
Dystonia - Answer: sustained muscular contraction oculogytric crisis (anticholinergics)
Parkinsonism - Answer: cogwheel rigidity, smacking, repetitive and uncontrolled
