Apea Pharm Cardiovascular Exam Questions And Correct Answers

APEA PHARM CARDIOVASCULAR EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS 100% PASS (A+) The side effect profile of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) is similar to the side effects of: angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE) inhibitors. beta-blockers. calcium channel blockers. pressors. - Answer angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE) inhibitors. Isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil) is indicated for the treatment of: acute angina. chronic angina. myocardial infarction. esophageal spasm. - Answer chronic angina. Isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil) titradose tablets are indicated for the prevention of angina pectoris due to coronary artery disease. The onset of action of immediate-release oral isosorbide dinitrate is not sufficiently rapid for this product to be useful in aborting an acute anginal episode. Therefore, it is not indicated in the treatment of acute angina and myocardial infarction. The treatment of esophageal spasms disorders is an off-label use. Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (i.e. verapamil) may be safely used in patients with: heart failure. bradycardia. second-degree AV block. chronic stable angina. - Answer chronic stable angina. Non-dihydropyridine CCBs (non-DHP CCB; i.e. verapamil [Calan] and diltiazem [Cardizem]) have negative chronotropic and inotropic effects. Therefore, they slow down heart rate and decrease force of ventricular contractions. Non-DHP CCBs are contraindicated in patients with heart failure who have reduced ejection fraction, sick sinus syndrome, and second- or third-degree atrioventricular block. Since non-DHP CCBs increase myocardial blood flow by dilating coronary arteries, they are beneficial in patients with chronic stable angina. Patients who are started on olmesartan (Benicar) should be advised to report: bladder spasms and dysuria. constipation and weakness. diarrhea and weight loss. metallic taste and easy bruising. - Answer diarrhea and weight loss. Patients should be advised to report persistent chronic diarrhea and weight loss while taking olmesartan medoxomil (Benicar). This drug can produce a sprue-like enteropathy characterized by severe chronic diarrhea and weight loss occurring months to years after initiation of the drug. Benicar is an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). Once other etiologies have been excluded, discontinue Benicar and consider an alternative hypertension treatment. The medication that produces vasodilation and thus lowers blood pressure by inhibiting the formation of angiotensin II is: amlodipine (Norvasc). losartan (Cozaar). enalapril (Vasotec). metoprolol (Lopressor). - Answer enalapril (Vasotec). Amlodipine (Norvasc) is a calcium channel blocker, losartan (Cozaar) is an angiotensin II receptor blocker, and metoprolol (Lopressor) is a beta-blocker. Dabigatran (Pradaxa), an anticoagulant, is also classified as a: direct factor Xa inhibitor. direct thrombin inhibitor. indirect thrombin inhibitor. factor V inhibitor. - Answer direct thrombin inhibitor. Dabigatran (Pradaxa) is a direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI). Medications in this class inactivate circulating and clotting thrombin (factor IIa). They prevent thrombin (central to the generation of a thrombus) from attaching fibrinogen to fibrin. Key advantages of using DTIs instead of heparin is that they: produce a more predictable anticoagulant effect due to their lack of binding to other plasma proteins; exert an antiplatelet effect; and do not cause immune-mediated thrombocytopenia.