PEDS6035 - Pedorthic Pathology 2
Disease - ANS-particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of
all or part of an organism, and that is not due to any immediate external injury.
- often known to be medical conditions that are associated with specific signs and symptoms.
Pathology - ANS-study of disease.
- it involves the determination of the cause (etiology) of the disease, the understanding of the
mechanism of its development (pathogenesis), the structural changes associated with the
disease process (morphological changes), and the functional consequences of those changes.
Acquired disease - ANS-disease that began at some point during one's life.
Congenital disease - ANS-present at birth
Acute disease - ANS-short-term nature
Chronic disease - ANS-persists over time (>6 months)
Genetic disease - ANS-caused by one or more genetic mutations
Hereditary/inherited disease - ANS-type of genetic disease that is hereditary
Iatrogenic disease - ANS-caused by medical intervention
Idiopathic disease - ANS-unknown cause or source
Primary disease - ANS-due to a root cause of illness
Secondary disease - ANS-sequela or complication of a primary disease
Progressive disease - ANS-the typical natural course is the worsening of the disease until
death, serious illness or organ failure occurs.
Arthritis - ANS-used to describe a group of over 100 diseases characterized by inflammation in
joints and other areas of the body (1 in 5 Canadians live with arthritis)
Inflammation - ANS-redness and swelling that causes pain and can lead to significant and
irreparable damage resulting in loss of function and disability
Osteoarthritis - ANS-"wear and tear" arthritis or degenerative joint disease has been redefined
as a result of the body's failed attempt to repair damaged joint tissue. It is a progressive disease
of the WHOLE joint that leads to the breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone.
, Osteoarthritis Pathology - ANS-- disruption in the equilibrium results in the disorganized pattern
of collagen, and loss of articular cartilage elasticity.
- this results in cracking and fissuring of the cartilage leading to erosion of the articular surface.
- cartilage that has been damaged, and cannot recover
- bony surfaces will begin to be affected
- the bone will expand and spurs (osteophytes) will develop
Also, it is common for ligament laxity and muscle atrophy to also occur as the disease
progresses
- can affect any joint, but the most common are the hips, knee, hand, foot, and spine
- cartilage loss remains the signature pathological feature, but currently is recognized that OA is
a disease of the whole joint, with pathological changes in the bone, soft tissues, including
synovium, menisci and ligaments.
What is Osteoarthritis specifically - ANS-characterized by subchondral bone sclerosis,
osteophyte formation, progressive loss of articular cartilage, changes in the synovial membrane,
and increased volume of synovial fluid with reduced viscosity.
Primary OA - ANS-most commonly diagnosed form of OA. It is associated with aging and
people develop it around 55-60 years of age.
Secondary OA - ANS-specific cause, eg; injury or repetitive trauma, obesity, genetics, inactivity,
joint misalignment or deformity or another disease. Usually occurs earlier in life 45-50 years of
age.
Classification of OA - ANS-- plain radiography is commonly used in the diagnosis of OA
- the Kellgren-lawrence classification is the most widely used tool for radiographic diagnosis of
OA specifically in the knee
- can be used to assist healthcare providers with treatment plans and guide clinical decision
making
- grading system from 0-4 which correlate to increasing severity (0= no OA, 4= severe OA)
Kellgren-Lawrence Classification of OA - ANS-Grade 1 - doubtful narrowing of the joint space
with possible osteophyte formation
Grade 2 - possible narrowing of the joint space with definite osteophyte formation
Grade 3 - definite narrowing of joint space, moderate osteophyte formation, some sclerosis, and
possible deformity of bone ends
Grade 4 - large osteophyte formation, severe narrowing of the joint space with marked sclerosis,
and definite deformity of bone ends
Disease - ANS-particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of
all or part of an organism, and that is not due to any immediate external injury.
- often known to be medical conditions that are associated with specific signs and symptoms.
Pathology - ANS-study of disease.
- it involves the determination of the cause (etiology) of the disease, the understanding of the
mechanism of its development (pathogenesis), the structural changes associated with the
disease process (morphological changes), and the functional consequences of those changes.
Acquired disease - ANS-disease that began at some point during one's life.
Congenital disease - ANS-present at birth
Acute disease - ANS-short-term nature
Chronic disease - ANS-persists over time (>6 months)
Genetic disease - ANS-caused by one or more genetic mutations
Hereditary/inherited disease - ANS-type of genetic disease that is hereditary
Iatrogenic disease - ANS-caused by medical intervention
Idiopathic disease - ANS-unknown cause or source
Primary disease - ANS-due to a root cause of illness
Secondary disease - ANS-sequela or complication of a primary disease
Progressive disease - ANS-the typical natural course is the worsening of the disease until
death, serious illness or organ failure occurs.
Arthritis - ANS-used to describe a group of over 100 diseases characterized by inflammation in
joints and other areas of the body (1 in 5 Canadians live with arthritis)
Inflammation - ANS-redness and swelling that causes pain and can lead to significant and
irreparable damage resulting in loss of function and disability
Osteoarthritis - ANS-"wear and tear" arthritis or degenerative joint disease has been redefined
as a result of the body's failed attempt to repair damaged joint tissue. It is a progressive disease
of the WHOLE joint that leads to the breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone.
, Osteoarthritis Pathology - ANS-- disruption in the equilibrium results in the disorganized pattern
of collagen, and loss of articular cartilage elasticity.
- this results in cracking and fissuring of the cartilage leading to erosion of the articular surface.
- cartilage that has been damaged, and cannot recover
- bony surfaces will begin to be affected
- the bone will expand and spurs (osteophytes) will develop
Also, it is common for ligament laxity and muscle atrophy to also occur as the disease
progresses
- can affect any joint, but the most common are the hips, knee, hand, foot, and spine
- cartilage loss remains the signature pathological feature, but currently is recognized that OA is
a disease of the whole joint, with pathological changes in the bone, soft tissues, including
synovium, menisci and ligaments.
What is Osteoarthritis specifically - ANS-characterized by subchondral bone sclerosis,
osteophyte formation, progressive loss of articular cartilage, changes in the synovial membrane,
and increased volume of synovial fluid with reduced viscosity.
Primary OA - ANS-most commonly diagnosed form of OA. It is associated with aging and
people develop it around 55-60 years of age.
Secondary OA - ANS-specific cause, eg; injury or repetitive trauma, obesity, genetics, inactivity,
joint misalignment or deformity or another disease. Usually occurs earlier in life 45-50 years of
age.
Classification of OA - ANS-- plain radiography is commonly used in the diagnosis of OA
- the Kellgren-lawrence classification is the most widely used tool for radiographic diagnosis of
OA specifically in the knee
- can be used to assist healthcare providers with treatment plans and guide clinical decision
making
- grading system from 0-4 which correlate to increasing severity (0= no OA, 4= severe OA)
Kellgren-Lawrence Classification of OA - ANS-Grade 1 - doubtful narrowing of the joint space
with possible osteophyte formation
Grade 2 - possible narrowing of the joint space with definite osteophyte formation
Grade 3 - definite narrowing of joint space, moderate osteophyte formation, some sclerosis, and
possible deformity of bone ends
Grade 4 - large osteophyte formation, severe narrowing of the joint space with marked sclerosis,
and definite deformity of bone ends
