IMED1004 (17) Macronutrients Exam Questions and Answers Solved Correctly Rated A+
1. Know that the energy requirements of the organism are met by macronutrient metabolism and how
balancing of macronutrient uptake with energy expenditure is important in maintaining health
2. Understand that the quality of the macronutrient will impact on health and what that means for each
macronutrient
3. Understand that fat is important in vitamin absorption, production of steroids, bile salts and
lipoproteins
4. Understand that fats are stored and transported between adipose, liver and muscle tissue by
lipoproteins. Know that HDL and LDL levels impact on mobility.
5. Understand the health impact of different fats (saturated, unsaturated, essential PUFAs)
6. Understand that protein is important for protein synthesis. Know the essential and conditionally
essential amino acids and how AA composition impacts on protein quality.
7. Know that carbohydrates are the primary source of energy. Understand that carboh - Answers
AMDR - Answers Acceptable Macronutrient distribution ranges
- intake ranges of macronutrients consistent with good health
- 45-65% Carbs
- 20-35% fat
- 15-30% protein
Function of fats - Answers - energy
- absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K
- synthesis of steroid hormones, bile salts, lipoproteins
Essential fats - Answers linoleic acids
α-linoleic acids
Process of fat digestion and storage - Answers 1. digestion of triglycerides in lumen of small intestine
2. triglycerides undergo lipolysis to monoglycerides
3. monoglycerides esterified to chylomicron lipoproteins
, 4. in capillaries, lipase breaks lipoproteins into monoglycerides again
5. monoglycerides esterified back to triglycerides for storage in adipose tissue
What are the 2 sources of triglycerides? - Answers dietary fats
lipogenesis in the liver
Process of freeing fatty acids from adipose tissue - Answers 1. stored triglycerides lipolysed back to
monoglycerides, aka free fatty acids
2. free fatty acids either absorbed by liver or used by muscle
Where is fat stored? - Answers adipose tissue or liver
"good" cholesterol - Answers - high density lipoproteins HDLs that carry and take up cholesterol
- helps removes atherosclerotic plaques
- formed from unsaturated fats
"bad" cholesterol - Answers - low density lipoproteins LDLs that carry and distribute cholesterol
- accumulates and forms atherosclerotic plaques in arteries
- formed from saturated fats
Stability of unsaturated fats - Answers - double bonds cause instability; can form ketones which make
the fat no longer palatable
Hydrogenated fats - Answers - hydrogens added to double bonds to make fat more saturated
- increases stability, doesn't go rancid
- converts some cis double bonds to trans double bonds; generates trans fats
What state are hydrogenated fats normally in at room temp? - Answers Often solid, as they are linear
and can form non-covalent Van der Waals bonding
Health risks of trans fats - Answers increase LDL (bad) cholesterol
decrease HDL (good) cholesterol
increase inflammatory response
1. Know that the energy requirements of the organism are met by macronutrient metabolism and how
balancing of macronutrient uptake with energy expenditure is important in maintaining health
2. Understand that the quality of the macronutrient will impact on health and what that means for each
macronutrient
3. Understand that fat is important in vitamin absorption, production of steroids, bile salts and
lipoproteins
4. Understand that fats are stored and transported between adipose, liver and muscle tissue by
lipoproteins. Know that HDL and LDL levels impact on mobility.
5. Understand the health impact of different fats (saturated, unsaturated, essential PUFAs)
6. Understand that protein is important for protein synthesis. Know the essential and conditionally
essential amino acids and how AA composition impacts on protein quality.
7. Know that carbohydrates are the primary source of energy. Understand that carboh - Answers
AMDR - Answers Acceptable Macronutrient distribution ranges
- intake ranges of macronutrients consistent with good health
- 45-65% Carbs
- 20-35% fat
- 15-30% protein
Function of fats - Answers - energy
- absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K
- synthesis of steroid hormones, bile salts, lipoproteins
Essential fats - Answers linoleic acids
α-linoleic acids
Process of fat digestion and storage - Answers 1. digestion of triglycerides in lumen of small intestine
2. triglycerides undergo lipolysis to monoglycerides
3. monoglycerides esterified to chylomicron lipoproteins
, 4. in capillaries, lipase breaks lipoproteins into monoglycerides again
5. monoglycerides esterified back to triglycerides for storage in adipose tissue
What are the 2 sources of triglycerides? - Answers dietary fats
lipogenesis in the liver
Process of freeing fatty acids from adipose tissue - Answers 1. stored triglycerides lipolysed back to
monoglycerides, aka free fatty acids
2. free fatty acids either absorbed by liver or used by muscle
Where is fat stored? - Answers adipose tissue or liver
"good" cholesterol - Answers - high density lipoproteins HDLs that carry and take up cholesterol
- helps removes atherosclerotic plaques
- formed from unsaturated fats
"bad" cholesterol - Answers - low density lipoproteins LDLs that carry and distribute cholesterol
- accumulates and forms atherosclerotic plaques in arteries
- formed from saturated fats
Stability of unsaturated fats - Answers - double bonds cause instability; can form ketones which make
the fat no longer palatable
Hydrogenated fats - Answers - hydrogens added to double bonds to make fat more saturated
- increases stability, doesn't go rancid
- converts some cis double bonds to trans double bonds; generates trans fats
What state are hydrogenated fats normally in at room temp? - Answers Often solid, as they are linear
and can form non-covalent Van der Waals bonding
Health risks of trans fats - Answers increase LDL (bad) cholesterol
decrease HDL (good) cholesterol
increase inflammatory response
