AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY TECHNIQUES &
KEY CONCEPTS – EXAM-READY DEFINITIONS FOR
CERTIFICATION & PRACTICAL STUDY
Fermentation - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Biological process converting
sugars into acids or alcohol.
Tissue culture - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Growing plant or animal cells in
controlled conditions.
DNA extraction - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Process of isolating DNA from
cells or tissues.
Gel Electrophoresis - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Technique for separating
DNA fragments by size.
Polymerase Chain Reaction - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Method to amplify
specific DNA sequences exponentially.
Recombinant DNA - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅DNA molecule formed from
different DNA sources.
DNA cloning - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Creating identical copies of a
specific DNA segment.
Gene gun - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Device for delivering DNA into plant
cells.
,Cloning - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Producing genetically identical
organisms or cells.
DNA Sequencing - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Determining the nucleotide
order in DNA.
Genetic Modification - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Alteration of an
organism's DNA to achieve desired traits.
Restriction enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Proteins that cut DNA at
specific sequences.
Restriction endonucleases - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Enzymes that cut
DNA sugar-phosphate backbone.
DNA ligase - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Enzyme that joins two DNA
fragments together.
Blunt end - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅DNA ends with equal length, no
unpaired bases.
Sticky end - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅DNA ends with unpaired bases for
bonding.
EcoRI - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Restriction enzyme from Escherichia coli
RY13.
, Type I restriction enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Cut DNA far from
recognition site.
Type II restriction enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Cut DNA within the
recognition site.
Type III restriction enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Cut DNA near
recognition site.
Palindromic sequences - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅DNA sequences that
read the same forwards and backwards.
Covalent bonds - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Strong chemical bonds between
atoms in DNA.
Restriction enzyme - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Cuts DNA at specific
sequences.
Blunt ends - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Straight cut ends of DNA fragments.
Staggered ends - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Uneven cut ends creating sticky
ends.
Cohesive ends - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Sticky ends that can bond with
complementary DNA.
DNA ligase - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Enzyme that joins DNA fragments
together.
KEY CONCEPTS – EXAM-READY DEFINITIONS FOR
CERTIFICATION & PRACTICAL STUDY
Fermentation - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Biological process converting
sugars into acids or alcohol.
Tissue culture - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Growing plant or animal cells in
controlled conditions.
DNA extraction - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Process of isolating DNA from
cells or tissues.
Gel Electrophoresis - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Technique for separating
DNA fragments by size.
Polymerase Chain Reaction - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Method to amplify
specific DNA sequences exponentially.
Recombinant DNA - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅DNA molecule formed from
different DNA sources.
DNA cloning - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Creating identical copies of a
specific DNA segment.
Gene gun - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Device for delivering DNA into plant
cells.
,Cloning - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Producing genetically identical
organisms or cells.
DNA Sequencing - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Determining the nucleotide
order in DNA.
Genetic Modification - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Alteration of an
organism's DNA to achieve desired traits.
Restriction enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Proteins that cut DNA at
specific sequences.
Restriction endonucleases - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Enzymes that cut
DNA sugar-phosphate backbone.
DNA ligase - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Enzyme that joins two DNA
fragments together.
Blunt end - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅DNA ends with equal length, no
unpaired bases.
Sticky end - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅DNA ends with unpaired bases for
bonding.
EcoRI - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Restriction enzyme from Escherichia coli
RY13.
, Type I restriction enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Cut DNA far from
recognition site.
Type II restriction enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Cut DNA within the
recognition site.
Type III restriction enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Cut DNA near
recognition site.
Palindromic sequences - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅DNA sequences that
read the same forwards and backwards.
Covalent bonds - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Strong chemical bonds between
atoms in DNA.
Restriction enzyme - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Cuts DNA at specific
sequences.
Blunt ends - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Straight cut ends of DNA fragments.
Staggered ends - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Uneven cut ends creating sticky
ends.
Cohesive ends - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Sticky ends that can bond with
complementary DNA.
DNA ligase - CORRECT ANSWER ✅✅✅Enzyme that joins DNA fragments
together.
