Page | 1
PSYC 388 Unit 10 Questions and Verified
Answers
Q: Positive reinforcer
ANS: the onset or application of an event that increases the probability of a
behaviour being repeated. An example might be praise for good behaviour, which
results in more good behaviour; it could also be attention given to misbehaviour,
which results in more misbehaviour.
Q:
Negative reinforcer
ANS: the offset or removal of an event that increases the probability of a behaviour
being repeated. An example might be removal of hunger pains after eating, which
results in an increased likelihood that a person will eat when hungry.
Q:
Punishment
ANS: involves a stimulus or event that decreases the probability of an occurrence of
a behaviour. Punishment may also be positive or negative.
Q:
Positive punishment
ANS: involves the application of a stimulus or event that reduces the likelihood of a
behaviour reoccurring. An example might be an electrical shock, which reduces the
likelihood that a child will stick his or her finger in an electrical socket again.
Q:
Negative punishment
ANS: involves the removal of a stimulus, which reduces the likelihood of a
behaviour reoccurring. An example of negative punishment might be turning off a
favourite television program in response to an argument, which reduces the
likelihood of the occurrence of the children fighting while watching television
together.
Q:
Reinforcement vs punishment
, Page | 2
ANS: Both reinforcement and punishment are defined by their results on behaviour,
not by their intrinsic characteristics. Thus, screaming at a person is a reinforcer if
the behaviour increases as a result, and praising a person is a punishment if the
behaviour decreases as a result.
Q:
Behavioural Counselling
ANS: -Focuses on a broad range of behaviours. Usually an excess or deficit of
behaviour.
-Counsellors in this approach seek to help clients learn new, appropriate ways of
acting, or to help them modify or eliminate excessive actions. Counsellor helps client
to learn.
-Popular approach in institutional settings.
-Often used for eating disorders, substance abuse, and psychosexual dysfunction.
Also anxiety, stress, assertiveness, parenting and social interaction (Cormier and
Hackney; Seligman).
Q:
Founders and Developers Behavioural Therapy
ANS: -B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) most responsible for the popularization of
behavioural treatment methods.
-Applied behavioural analysis is a "direct extension of Skinner's (1953) radical
behaviourism", which is based on operant conditioning.
-Pavlov, Watson, Cover Jones.
-Bandura, Krumboltz, Jacobson, Hayes, Linehan contributed a lot to this approach
for working with clients.
Q:
View of Human Nature
, Page | 3
ANS: -a concentration on behavioural processes-that is, processes closely
associated with overt behaviour (except for cognitive-behaviourists)
-a focus on the here and now as opposed to the then and there of behaviour
-an assumption that all behaviour is learned, whether is be adaptive or
maladaptive
-a belief that learning can be effective in changing maladaptive behaviour
-a focus on setting up well-defined therapy goals with clients
-a rejection of the idea that the human personality is composed of traits
-Social cognitive learning
Q:
Empiricism and behaviourism
ANS: Stress on obtaining empirical evidence and scientific support for any
techniques they use.
Q:
Social cognitive learning
ANS: Social cognitive learning stresses that people acquire new knowledge and
behaviour by observing other people and events without engaging in the behaviour
themselves and without any direct consequences to themselves.
Q:
Role of the Counsellor Behaviour Therapy
ANS: -A counsellor may take one of several roles, depending on their behavioural
orientation and the client's goals.
-Generally take an active role. Helps client learn, unlearn and relearn.
-Consultant, teacher, adviser, reinforcer and facilitator (James and Gilliland)
-May instruct support people in the client's environment who are supporting the
change process.
-Client involved for every phase of counselling.
Q:
Goals in Behaviour Therapy
PSYC 388 Unit 10 Questions and Verified
Answers
Q: Positive reinforcer
ANS: the onset or application of an event that increases the probability of a
behaviour being repeated. An example might be praise for good behaviour, which
results in more good behaviour; it could also be attention given to misbehaviour,
which results in more misbehaviour.
Q:
Negative reinforcer
ANS: the offset or removal of an event that increases the probability of a behaviour
being repeated. An example might be removal of hunger pains after eating, which
results in an increased likelihood that a person will eat when hungry.
Q:
Punishment
ANS: involves a stimulus or event that decreases the probability of an occurrence of
a behaviour. Punishment may also be positive or negative.
Q:
Positive punishment
ANS: involves the application of a stimulus or event that reduces the likelihood of a
behaviour reoccurring. An example might be an electrical shock, which reduces the
likelihood that a child will stick his or her finger in an electrical socket again.
Q:
Negative punishment
ANS: involves the removal of a stimulus, which reduces the likelihood of a
behaviour reoccurring. An example of negative punishment might be turning off a
favourite television program in response to an argument, which reduces the
likelihood of the occurrence of the children fighting while watching television
together.
Q:
Reinforcement vs punishment
, Page | 2
ANS: Both reinforcement and punishment are defined by their results on behaviour,
not by their intrinsic characteristics. Thus, screaming at a person is a reinforcer if
the behaviour increases as a result, and praising a person is a punishment if the
behaviour decreases as a result.
Q:
Behavioural Counselling
ANS: -Focuses on a broad range of behaviours. Usually an excess or deficit of
behaviour.
-Counsellors in this approach seek to help clients learn new, appropriate ways of
acting, or to help them modify or eliminate excessive actions. Counsellor helps client
to learn.
-Popular approach in institutional settings.
-Often used for eating disorders, substance abuse, and psychosexual dysfunction.
Also anxiety, stress, assertiveness, parenting and social interaction (Cormier and
Hackney; Seligman).
Q:
Founders and Developers Behavioural Therapy
ANS: -B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) most responsible for the popularization of
behavioural treatment methods.
-Applied behavioural analysis is a "direct extension of Skinner's (1953) radical
behaviourism", which is based on operant conditioning.
-Pavlov, Watson, Cover Jones.
-Bandura, Krumboltz, Jacobson, Hayes, Linehan contributed a lot to this approach
for working with clients.
Q:
View of Human Nature
, Page | 3
ANS: -a concentration on behavioural processes-that is, processes closely
associated with overt behaviour (except for cognitive-behaviourists)
-a focus on the here and now as opposed to the then and there of behaviour
-an assumption that all behaviour is learned, whether is be adaptive or
maladaptive
-a belief that learning can be effective in changing maladaptive behaviour
-a focus on setting up well-defined therapy goals with clients
-a rejection of the idea that the human personality is composed of traits
-Social cognitive learning
Q:
Empiricism and behaviourism
ANS: Stress on obtaining empirical evidence and scientific support for any
techniques they use.
Q:
Social cognitive learning
ANS: Social cognitive learning stresses that people acquire new knowledge and
behaviour by observing other people and events without engaging in the behaviour
themselves and without any direct consequences to themselves.
Q:
Role of the Counsellor Behaviour Therapy
ANS: -A counsellor may take one of several roles, depending on their behavioural
orientation and the client's goals.
-Generally take an active role. Helps client learn, unlearn and relearn.
-Consultant, teacher, adviser, reinforcer and facilitator (James and Gilliland)
-May instruct support people in the client's environment who are supporting the
change process.
-Client involved for every phase of counselling.
Q:
Goals in Behaviour Therapy
