Rush - Advanced Pharmacology - Nsg 531 - Exam 1

RUSH - ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY - NSG 531 - EXAM 1 Drug Answer a substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease and a substance, other than food, intended to affect the structure or any function of the body T/F most drugs are strong acids or strong bases Answer F - most drugs are weak acids or weak bases what are the four things that the body does to a drug? Answer 1. absorbs it 2. distributes it (think about it - most drugs don't have MOA in the stomach or GI tract, the body distributes to where it acts) 3. biotransforms or metabolizes it 4. eliminates it Pharmacokinetics Answer what the body does to the drug Describe absorption Answer drugs that are given orally have to get out of the gut and into circulation in order to do that the drugs have to pass through cell membranes this means there has to be some form of solubility for the drug to pass through the cell membrane cell membranes are made of lipids therefore drugs have to have some form of lipid solubility What are cell membranes made of? Answer phsopholipid bilayer What is the only route of drug that does not have to pass through the cell membrane? Answer IV push - because it goes directly into circulation What are the four mechanisms of transport across the cell membrane? Answer 1. simple diffusion 2. channel-mediated 3. carrier-mediated 4. Active Transport Simple diffusion - what has to be true? Answer -drug has to be lipid soluble -there has to be a concentration gradient present -if a drug is high in fat solubility it is not going to be very water soluble - these two properties balance each other out If a drug is high in lipid solubility and it is able to be transported by simple diffusion, what will happen once it crosses the cell membrane? Answer it may meet an aqueous solution and because it is not highly water soluble it will need to bind to a carrier protein to be transported throughout the circulation What are the channels in Channel mediated transport Answer channels are two groups of proteins on each side that create a pore in the cell membrane how does channel mediated transport work? Answer there are two groups of proteins on each side that create a pore in the cell membrane there is water within the pore/channel that the water soluble drug can go through and the protein walls of the channel create a barrier from the lipid bilayer How does carrier mediated transport work? Answer -there is a carrier protein embedded in the surface of the cell membrane that fits the drug that is trying to pass -you have to have a complementary fit between the protein and the drug -if it fits then it binds causing a conformation change -the orientation of the protein flips over so that the open side of the protein is now on the opposite side and the drug is transported to the other side of the cell membrane -again a concentration gradient is needed conformational change Answer a change in how something is oriented i.e. carrier-mediated transport where the protein accepts the drug, then flips, orienting the open side of the protein to the opposite side of the cell membrane what are the three types of passive transport Answer simple diffusion, channel-mediated, carrier-mediated Does a lipid soluble or water soluble drug get absorbed more quickly? Answer lipid soluble what does solubility of a drug depend on? Answer -whether the drug is an acid or a base -the pH of the environment in which the drug is located what does pH measure? Answer hydrogen ion concentration pH = -log (H+) what happens when you put an acidic drug in solution? Answer it gives up its' hydrogen ion and releases it into solution what happens when you put a basic drug in solution? Answer it accepts a hydrogen ion sitting in solution What is the equation for acid? Answer HA ---- H+ + A- What is the equation for Base? Answer BH+ ---- B + H+