WGU C208 Change Management and Innovation Exam 2025

Subculture - -A group of people with a culture which is different from the larger culture to which they belong. Change Curve Model - -A change process model that explores how individuals manage personal change. Leadership - -The process by which one person influences the thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors of others. Organizational change - -The act or fact of making an organization something different from what it is or from what it would be if left alone. Paradigm - -A theory or model about how something should be done, made, or conceived. Bridges' Transitional Model - -A change process model with three stages: Ending, Losing, and Letting Go; The Neutral Zone; and New Beginning. First, Second, and Third Order Change Model - -A change process model that explores different orders of change: First - confirmative, Second - reformative, and Third - transformative. Creativity - -The generation of new ideas by individuals and teams. Innovation - -The process by which an organization generates new ideas and converts them into new products, business practices, and strategies that create value. Cultural norms - -A culture's expectation of its members' behavior in any given situation. Cultural Web Model - -An organizational culture model that reviews six cultural elements: stories, rituals and routines, symbols, organizational structure, control systems, and power structure. Organizational behavior - -The study of how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations and how organizations can be made more effective. Organizational culture - -The basic tacit assumptions about how the world is and ought to be that a group of people share and that determines their perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and their overt behavior. C208 C208 Organizational Cultural Assessment Model - -A model that categorizes an organization as having one of four types of culture: Clan, Adhocracy, Market, or Hierarchy. Change management - -The process of managing change in an organization. Revolutionary change - -A type of change that challenges the established order in fundamental ways. Diffusion of Innovation Theory - -A model developed by Everett Rogers that seeks to analyze why and how innovations gain popularity. Descriptive change models - -A category of change models used for trying to understand what is going on in an organization. Schema - -An organized pattern of thought or behavior. Crisis change - -A type of change triggered by a crisis. Kotter's Process for Change - -A change model that begins with establishing urgency and that emphasizes communication and coalition-building. Anticipatory change - -A type of change that can be recognized in advance. Trigger event - -An occurrence that itself results in the risk event happening. Lewin's Model of Change - -A descriptive change model based on three steps: "unfreezing," "changing" and "refreezing." Evolutionary change - -A type of change that occurs incrementally. Contingency planning - -Planning for the response to situations that may occur such as emergencies or setbacks. Christensen's Disruptive Innovation Model - -A model that looks at the impact on organizations and industries of disruptive technological innovation. Reactive change - -A type of change triggered by external factors. Change agent - -One who initiates a change effort. Prescriptive change models - -A category of change models used for developing a step by-step process for change. New venture team - -A unit that is separate from the main organization enterprise and is tasked with developing and executing a significant innovation. C208 C208 Idea orchestrator - -An individual who recognizes value of idea/innovation and manages it through the organization's political process. SCAMPER - -A technique developed by Bob Eberle that can be useful for thinking about improving existing products or services. Brainstorming - -A creativity technique that looks to generate ideas or solve a problem by holding a spontaneous group discussion. Divergent thinking - -The explicit attempt to put dominant ideas or conventional wisdom to the side and focus on generating alternatives without immediate evaluation. Provocation Technique - -A creativity technique developed by Edward de Bono that introduces radical or provocative statements meant to provoke fresh thinking and generate new ideas. Incremental innovation - -Innovation that builds upon existing knowledge and resources within a given company, which can be seen as an exercise in problem-solving. Davlia, Epstein, Shelton Nominal Group Technique - -A technique for generating creative thinking by a group that involves iterative idea generation. Groupthink - -The practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility. Idea generator - -An individual who generates creative ideas of value to the organization. Brain drawing - -A variation of brainstorming that employs drawing or doodling to generate ideas. Radical innovation - -Innovation that represents a significant change that affects both the business model and the technology of a company. Davlia, Epstein, Shelton Open innovation - -when organizations pursue both external and internal ideas and innovate and collaborate with partners by sharing risk and reward. Semi-radical innovation - -Innovation that involves a substantial change to either the business model or technology of an organization, but not to both. Davlia, Epstein, Shelton Lateral thinking - -A creativity technique that rejects traditional methods and employs unorthodox and apparently illogical means. C208 C208 Discussion 66 - -A technique that helps larger groups to brainstorm more effectively through subgroups. skunk works - -A place designed to encourage the employees of large organizations to generate original ideas and innovation. Lockheed created the first skunk works. idea incubator - -An in-house program or center shielded from corporate bureaucracy and interference that is meant to engage in futuristic thinking and to develop new ideas. closed innovation - -When an organization does all of their own research internally and keeps its innovative ideas as proprietary intellectual property. Abilene Paradox - -When a group reaches a decision that few, if any, of the members would have chosen themselves. anonymous idea generation - -A technique that keeps anonymous the identity of members of a group who originate individual ideas. idea champion - -An individual who recognizes value of an innovative idea and lends organizational authority and resources to develop and execute innovation. Corridor principal - -The idea that new ventures can surface new and unintended market opportunities. Entrepreneur - -An individual who starts, organizes, manages, and assumes the risks and responsibilities of a business or enterprise. Corporation - -A legal structure for business that exists apart from the individuals who own it - e.g. shareholders - and operate it - e.g. directors and officers. Partnership - -A legal structure of co-ownership between two or more people who go into business together and share in any pro