NP 235 STUDY EXAM GUIDE 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔occur in the presence of renal failure or from overuse of magnesium-containing
antacids and cathartics - ✔✔Hypermagnesemia
✔✔2.5 - 4.5 mg/dL - ✔✔Phosphate normal range
✔✔The phosphate level in blood suddenly falls dangerously low
Severe undernutrition (including starvation)
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Severe alcoholism
Severe burns - ✔✔Hypophosphatemia
✔✔confusion
seizures
numbness
weakness
possible coma
if chronic - rickets, and osteomalacia - ✔✔hypophosphatemia s/s
✔✔When your kidneys are damaged, the body cannot remove phosphate from the
blood quickly enough
Causes:
Renal Insufficiency
low parathyroid hormone levels (hypoparathyroidism)
damage to cells
high vitamin D levels
diabetic ketoacidosis — high levels of acids called ketones in the blood of people with
diabetes
injuries — including those that cause muscle damage
serious body-wide infections - ✔✔Hyperphosphatemia
✔✔Nausea
Anorexia
Vomiting
Muscle cramps
Bone and joint pain
Weak bones
Rashes
Itchy skin
Numbness and tingling around the mouth - ✔✔Hyperphosphatemia s/s
, ✔✔clear, straw to dark amber in color,
has a pH of 4.5-6.0,
has a specific gravity of 1.010-1.030,
and is negative for protein, glucose, ketones, and bilirubin.
It should have only a rare RBC, no more than 0-4 WBCs, and an occasional cast. -
✔✔Normal urine
✔✔The normal range for 24-hour urine volume is 800 to 2,000 milliliters per day (with a
normal fluid intake of about 2 liters per day). - ✔✔urine volume per day
✔✔White blood cells (leukocytes) may be a sign of an infection.
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) may be a sign of kidney disease, a blood disorder or
another underlying medical condition, such as bladder cancer.
Bacteria or yeasts may indicate an infection.
Casts — tube-shaped proteins — may form as a result of kidney disorders.
Crystals that form from chemicals in urine may be a sign of kidney stones. -
✔✔Microscopic Exam of urine
✔✔a measure of how well the kidneys are cleaning the blood -- taking out waste and
extra water. An estimated GFR test (eGFR) can tell how much of a certain waste
product called creatinine is in the blood. - ✔✔Glomerular Filtration Rate
✔✔a chemical that's produced when the body breaks down purines. Purines are
compounds that enter the bloodstream during the natural breakdown of cells in the
body. - ✔✔Uric Acid
✔✔Above 140 - ✔✔Hyperglycemia levels
✔✔a glucose level is considered to be too low when it dips under 70 mg/dL. -
✔✔Hypoglycemia
✔✔a waste product that's created in the liver when the body breaks down proteins.
Normally, the kidneys filter out this waste and urinating removes it from the body. -
✔✔Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
✔✔7-20 mg/dL (depending on sex and age). - ✔✔Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) level
✔✔indicate poor kidney function, dehydration, or increased breakdown of body protein
(i.e., severe burns or excessive exercise). - ✔✔High BUN levels
✔✔found in severe liver damage, excessive hydration, and protein deficiency. -
✔✔Lower BUN levels
WITH SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔occur in the presence of renal failure or from overuse of magnesium-containing
antacids and cathartics - ✔✔Hypermagnesemia
✔✔2.5 - 4.5 mg/dL - ✔✔Phosphate normal range
✔✔The phosphate level in blood suddenly falls dangerously low
Severe undernutrition (including starvation)
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Severe alcoholism
Severe burns - ✔✔Hypophosphatemia
✔✔confusion
seizures
numbness
weakness
possible coma
if chronic - rickets, and osteomalacia - ✔✔hypophosphatemia s/s
✔✔When your kidneys are damaged, the body cannot remove phosphate from the
blood quickly enough
Causes:
Renal Insufficiency
low parathyroid hormone levels (hypoparathyroidism)
damage to cells
high vitamin D levels
diabetic ketoacidosis — high levels of acids called ketones in the blood of people with
diabetes
injuries — including those that cause muscle damage
serious body-wide infections - ✔✔Hyperphosphatemia
✔✔Nausea
Anorexia
Vomiting
Muscle cramps
Bone and joint pain
Weak bones
Rashes
Itchy skin
Numbness and tingling around the mouth - ✔✔Hyperphosphatemia s/s
, ✔✔clear, straw to dark amber in color,
has a pH of 4.5-6.0,
has a specific gravity of 1.010-1.030,
and is negative for protein, glucose, ketones, and bilirubin.
It should have only a rare RBC, no more than 0-4 WBCs, and an occasional cast. -
✔✔Normal urine
✔✔The normal range for 24-hour urine volume is 800 to 2,000 milliliters per day (with a
normal fluid intake of about 2 liters per day). - ✔✔urine volume per day
✔✔White blood cells (leukocytes) may be a sign of an infection.
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) may be a sign of kidney disease, a blood disorder or
another underlying medical condition, such as bladder cancer.
Bacteria or yeasts may indicate an infection.
Casts — tube-shaped proteins — may form as a result of kidney disorders.
Crystals that form from chemicals in urine may be a sign of kidney stones. -
✔✔Microscopic Exam of urine
✔✔a measure of how well the kidneys are cleaning the blood -- taking out waste and
extra water. An estimated GFR test (eGFR) can tell how much of a certain waste
product called creatinine is in the blood. - ✔✔Glomerular Filtration Rate
✔✔a chemical that's produced when the body breaks down purines. Purines are
compounds that enter the bloodstream during the natural breakdown of cells in the
body. - ✔✔Uric Acid
✔✔Above 140 - ✔✔Hyperglycemia levels
✔✔a glucose level is considered to be too low when it dips under 70 mg/dL. -
✔✔Hypoglycemia
✔✔a waste product that's created in the liver when the body breaks down proteins.
Normally, the kidneys filter out this waste and urinating removes it from the body. -
✔✔Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
✔✔7-20 mg/dL (depending on sex and age). - ✔✔Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) level
✔✔indicate poor kidney function, dehydration, or increased breakdown of body protein
(i.e., severe burns or excessive exercise). - ✔✔High BUN levels
✔✔found in severe liver damage, excessive hydration, and protein deficiency. -
✔✔Lower BUN levels
