NP 235 FINAL PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔What would be the plan of care for a patient with Peripheral Vascular Disease? -
✔✔Reduction of high blood pressure(2)
Long-term control to decrease the risk of stroke, heart attack, loss of vision, and kidney
disease. The target is to control blood pressure at or below 120/80 mm Hg.
Sodium should be kept to less than 2400 mg/day. Alcohol intake should be moderated.
Aerobic exercise of 30 to 45 minutes most days of the week is recommended.
✔✔What is Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty aka PTCA? - ✔✔a
nonsurgical interventional technique to open blocked coronary arteries. It is performed
in the cardiac catheterization laboratory using fluoroscopy. A catheter with a balloon tip
is threaded into the blocked artery, and when the narrowed area is reached, the balloon
is inflated, pushing aside the plaque and widening the interior of the artery and a stent is
usually placed.
✔✔What are some signs and symptoms of Thrombocytopenia? - ✔✔Bleeding into the
joints (hemarthrosis) is not uncommon in certain kinds of anemia or in hemophilia.
for hospitalized pts. abdominal girth should be measured daily to detect internal
bleeding
Blood loss in the GI tract from an ulcer, tumor, or hiatal hernia can be in small amounts
or in a large enough amount to make stool appear black (melena). Loss of 50 to 75 mL
of blood from the upper GI tract is required before melena will appear.
✔✔What are some signs and symptoms of anemia? - ✔✔Pigment loss and yellowish
cast to the skin
paleness in the conjuntevia of the eyes and mucous membranes.
fatigue, malaise
✔✔How do you treat Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone? - ✔✔correcting the underlying
cause; restricting fluids to 500 to 1000 mL/day; and administering sodium chloride,
diuretics, and demeclocycline (a tetracycline) to increase excretion of water.
Tolvaptan (Samsca) is approved for the treatment of hyponatremia in SIADH. Tolvaptan
improves serum sodium levels within 8 hours when given as an IV infusion by blocking
the action of ADH; however, there is a danger of overcorrection, and sodium levels
need to be closely monitored.
✔✔What are some signs and symptoms of an Acute Myocardial Infarction? - ✔✔Chest
discomfort, including feeling of tightness, aching, burning
Chest pain (angina pectoris) radiating to the arm, jaw, or back
, Dyspnea (shortness of breath)
Palpitations or tachycardia
Nausea and vomiting
Cold, clammy skin
Undue fatigue (particularly in women)
Weakness and inability to complete usual activities without chest pain or dyspnea
✔✔What are some characteristics seen in females? With Myocardial Infarction? -
✔✔women are more likely to have other symptoms along with chest discomfort, such as
shortness of breath, nausea and extreme fatigue.
✔✔What is Diabetes Insipidus? - ✔✔occurs after trauma or surgery in the area of the
pituitary or hypothalamus and may be temporary or permanent.
Characterized by the production of copious amounts of dilute urine. DI results from
decreased production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which regulates reabsorption of
water in the kidney tubules. When ADH is not present in a sufficient amount, the water
is not reabsorbed from the tubule and is excreted as urine.
✔✔What are some signs and symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus? - ✔✔profound diuresis
(production of a large amount of urine), often as much as 3 to 20 L in every 24-hour
period. Other signs and symptoms include thirst, weakness, and fatigue, often from
nocturia (urination at night). The patient will exhibit signs of deficient fluid volume, such
as tachycardia, hypotension, weight loss, constipation, and poor skin turgor. If
untreated, the patient will demonstrate signs of shock and central nervous system
manifestations progressing from irritability to eventual coma from hypernatremia and
severe dehydration.
✔✔. What is the Somogyi phenomenon - ✔✔follows a period of hypoglycemia, often
during sleep. When hypoglycemia occurs, the body secretes glucagon, epinephrine,
growth hormone, and cortisol to counteract the effects of low blood sugar. The patient
may report nightmares and night sweats along with morning elevated serum glucose; if
the patient increases the insulin dose, it worsens the problem.
✔✔What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis? - ✔✔caused by incomplete metabolism of fats
resulting from an absence or insufficient supply of insulin. When insulin is not present in
adequate amounts to meet metabolic needs, the body breaks down protein and fat for
energy. This produces an abundance of the by-products of fat metabolism, which are
potent organic acids called ketones.
✔✔s.s of diabetic Ketoacidosis? - ✔✔Increased thirst (polydipsia)
Increased urination (polyuria)
Acetone breath odor ("fruity")
Dry mucous membranes and sunken eyeballs (dehydration)
Nausea and vomiting
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔What would be the plan of care for a patient with Peripheral Vascular Disease? -
✔✔Reduction of high blood pressure(2)
Long-term control to decrease the risk of stroke, heart attack, loss of vision, and kidney
disease. The target is to control blood pressure at or below 120/80 mm Hg.
Sodium should be kept to less than 2400 mg/day. Alcohol intake should be moderated.
Aerobic exercise of 30 to 45 minutes most days of the week is recommended.
✔✔What is Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty aka PTCA? - ✔✔a
nonsurgical interventional technique to open blocked coronary arteries. It is performed
in the cardiac catheterization laboratory using fluoroscopy. A catheter with a balloon tip
is threaded into the blocked artery, and when the narrowed area is reached, the balloon
is inflated, pushing aside the plaque and widening the interior of the artery and a stent is
usually placed.
✔✔What are some signs and symptoms of Thrombocytopenia? - ✔✔Bleeding into the
joints (hemarthrosis) is not uncommon in certain kinds of anemia or in hemophilia.
for hospitalized pts. abdominal girth should be measured daily to detect internal
bleeding
Blood loss in the GI tract from an ulcer, tumor, or hiatal hernia can be in small amounts
or in a large enough amount to make stool appear black (melena). Loss of 50 to 75 mL
of blood from the upper GI tract is required before melena will appear.
✔✔What are some signs and symptoms of anemia? - ✔✔Pigment loss and yellowish
cast to the skin
paleness in the conjuntevia of the eyes and mucous membranes.
fatigue, malaise
✔✔How do you treat Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone? - ✔✔correcting the underlying
cause; restricting fluids to 500 to 1000 mL/day; and administering sodium chloride,
diuretics, and demeclocycline (a tetracycline) to increase excretion of water.
Tolvaptan (Samsca) is approved for the treatment of hyponatremia in SIADH. Tolvaptan
improves serum sodium levels within 8 hours when given as an IV infusion by blocking
the action of ADH; however, there is a danger of overcorrection, and sodium levels
need to be closely monitored.
✔✔What are some signs and symptoms of an Acute Myocardial Infarction? - ✔✔Chest
discomfort, including feeling of tightness, aching, burning
Chest pain (angina pectoris) radiating to the arm, jaw, or back
, Dyspnea (shortness of breath)
Palpitations or tachycardia
Nausea and vomiting
Cold, clammy skin
Undue fatigue (particularly in women)
Weakness and inability to complete usual activities without chest pain or dyspnea
✔✔What are some characteristics seen in females? With Myocardial Infarction? -
✔✔women are more likely to have other symptoms along with chest discomfort, such as
shortness of breath, nausea and extreme fatigue.
✔✔What is Diabetes Insipidus? - ✔✔occurs after trauma or surgery in the area of the
pituitary or hypothalamus and may be temporary or permanent.
Characterized by the production of copious amounts of dilute urine. DI results from
decreased production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which regulates reabsorption of
water in the kidney tubules. When ADH is not present in a sufficient amount, the water
is not reabsorbed from the tubule and is excreted as urine.
✔✔What are some signs and symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus? - ✔✔profound diuresis
(production of a large amount of urine), often as much as 3 to 20 L in every 24-hour
period. Other signs and symptoms include thirst, weakness, and fatigue, often from
nocturia (urination at night). The patient will exhibit signs of deficient fluid volume, such
as tachycardia, hypotension, weight loss, constipation, and poor skin turgor. If
untreated, the patient will demonstrate signs of shock and central nervous system
manifestations progressing from irritability to eventual coma from hypernatremia and
severe dehydration.
✔✔. What is the Somogyi phenomenon - ✔✔follows a period of hypoglycemia, often
during sleep. When hypoglycemia occurs, the body secretes glucagon, epinephrine,
growth hormone, and cortisol to counteract the effects of low blood sugar. The patient
may report nightmares and night sweats along with morning elevated serum glucose; if
the patient increases the insulin dose, it worsens the problem.
✔✔What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis? - ✔✔caused by incomplete metabolism of fats
resulting from an absence or insufficient supply of insulin. When insulin is not present in
adequate amounts to meet metabolic needs, the body breaks down protein and fat for
energy. This produces an abundance of the by-products of fat metabolism, which are
potent organic acids called ketones.
✔✔s.s of diabetic Ketoacidosis? - ✔✔Increased thirst (polydipsia)
Increased urination (polyuria)
Acetone breath odor ("fruity")
Dry mucous membranes and sunken eyeballs (dehydration)
Nausea and vomiting
