NMNC 3210 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE
Fertility: Requirements - Answers - Requirements for WOMEN:
Functioning ovaries and open fallopian tubes
Regular menstrual cycle
Normal uterine contour
Requirements for MEN:
Sufficient number of sperm
Sperm motility
Sperm shape
Fertility: Risk factors - Answers - Teratogens
Alcohol, drug use, smoking
Vaccination status
Chronic/infectious disease states
Nutritional status (BMI)
Genetic abnormalities
Fertility: Side effects of medications and treatments - Answers - Clomiphene (Clomid) -
selective estrogen receptor modulator that binds to estrogen receptors, induces
ovulation by increasing output of pituitary gonadotropins (FSH and LH). Can cause
multiple pregnancies.
Teratogens: alcohol effects on a fetus - Answers - Fetal alcohol syndrome: alcohol
interferes with the absorption and use of vitamin B12, folic acid, and magnesium. It will
cause possible fetal growth restrictions. Alcohol can pass easily through the placenta
and can cause spontaneous abortions or physical abnormalities to the fetus.
What period of pregnancy is the most vulnerable for the fetus for congenital
abnormalities? - Answers - The most vulnerable period for the fetus is the first 3
months because during this time the fetus' organs are growing.
What is GTPAL? - Answers - G - gravida: number of pregnancies
T - term: how many carried to term (37 weeks)
P - preterm: how many were early
A - abortions: spontaneous or elective
L - living
What is Ptyalism? - Answers - Excessive salivation. It is caused by stimulation of the
salivary glands by the ingestion of starch. Decreased swallowing during nausea and
vomiting may also play a part. Small frequent meals, gum chewing, and oral lozenges
offer limited relief.
, What is para? - Answers - the number of pregnancies that have progressed to 20
weeks or more weeks at delivery
What is gravida? - Answers - The number of pregnancies
Maternal infections (viral & bacterial) interventions. - Answers - Mother's immune
system is decreased due to progesterone decreasing the airway resistance.
Decreased gastric emptying and constipation
Ears maybe be blocked (mild hearing loss) due to changes in mucous membranes
Diminished smell due to nasal congestion
Appropriate weight gain for mom - Answers - Normal weight gain for mom (total gain) -
Total gain of 11.5 to 16 kg (25 to 35 lb).
Weekly gain of 0.35 to 0.5 kg (0.8 to 1 lb)
Calculate BMI - Answers - kg/m2
Folic acid sources and importance - Answers - legumes, asparagus, eggs, leafy
greens, beets, citrus fruits, and Brussel sprouts. It is used for metabolism and cell
growth.
Gestational hypertension: - Answers - Blood pressure elevation after 20 weeks of
pregnancy. No accompanied by proteinuria. It can progress to preeclampsia. If it
persists more than 6 weeks after the birth, chronic hypertension is diagnosed
Preeclampsia: - Answers - Gestational hypertension with proteinuria. Thought to be
disease of placenta. The placental blood vessels don't seem to develop properly.
Narrower than normal blood vessels and reacts differently to hormonal signaling which
limits the amount of blood that can flow through them. Liver, kidney, and brain are all
affected.
Eclampsia: - Answers - Progression of preeclampsia to generalized seizures. Can be
life threatening or cause hypoxic injury to fetus. It can cause seizures. Magnesium
sulfate is used to prevent seizures.
Chronic hypertension: - Answers - Hypertension that preceded the pregnancy or less
than 20 weeks' gestation. Women with chronic HTN are at increased risk for
preeclampsia. Monitor closely for proteinuria and edema.
Know the early and late types of hemorrhage, the signs and symptoms and various
treatments for each, both antepartum and post-partum. - Answers -
Placenta Previa: - Answers - Implantation of the placenta in the lower uterus and
partially covering the cervix. Painless uterine bleeding in the latter half of pregnancy.
Administer oxytocin to stimulate labor should be AVOIDED! Manual vaginal exam or
Fertility: Requirements - Answers - Requirements for WOMEN:
Functioning ovaries and open fallopian tubes
Regular menstrual cycle
Normal uterine contour
Requirements for MEN:
Sufficient number of sperm
Sperm motility
Sperm shape
Fertility: Risk factors - Answers - Teratogens
Alcohol, drug use, smoking
Vaccination status
Chronic/infectious disease states
Nutritional status (BMI)
Genetic abnormalities
Fertility: Side effects of medications and treatments - Answers - Clomiphene (Clomid) -
selective estrogen receptor modulator that binds to estrogen receptors, induces
ovulation by increasing output of pituitary gonadotropins (FSH and LH). Can cause
multiple pregnancies.
Teratogens: alcohol effects on a fetus - Answers - Fetal alcohol syndrome: alcohol
interferes with the absorption and use of vitamin B12, folic acid, and magnesium. It will
cause possible fetal growth restrictions. Alcohol can pass easily through the placenta
and can cause spontaneous abortions or physical abnormalities to the fetus.
What period of pregnancy is the most vulnerable for the fetus for congenital
abnormalities? - Answers - The most vulnerable period for the fetus is the first 3
months because during this time the fetus' organs are growing.
What is GTPAL? - Answers - G - gravida: number of pregnancies
T - term: how many carried to term (37 weeks)
P - preterm: how many were early
A - abortions: spontaneous or elective
L - living
What is Ptyalism? - Answers - Excessive salivation. It is caused by stimulation of the
salivary glands by the ingestion of starch. Decreased swallowing during nausea and
vomiting may also play a part. Small frequent meals, gum chewing, and oral lozenges
offer limited relief.
, What is para? - Answers - the number of pregnancies that have progressed to 20
weeks or more weeks at delivery
What is gravida? - Answers - The number of pregnancies
Maternal infections (viral & bacterial) interventions. - Answers - Mother's immune
system is decreased due to progesterone decreasing the airway resistance.
Decreased gastric emptying and constipation
Ears maybe be blocked (mild hearing loss) due to changes in mucous membranes
Diminished smell due to nasal congestion
Appropriate weight gain for mom - Answers - Normal weight gain for mom (total gain) -
Total gain of 11.5 to 16 kg (25 to 35 lb).
Weekly gain of 0.35 to 0.5 kg (0.8 to 1 lb)
Calculate BMI - Answers - kg/m2
Folic acid sources and importance - Answers - legumes, asparagus, eggs, leafy
greens, beets, citrus fruits, and Brussel sprouts. It is used for metabolism and cell
growth.
Gestational hypertension: - Answers - Blood pressure elevation after 20 weeks of
pregnancy. No accompanied by proteinuria. It can progress to preeclampsia. If it
persists more than 6 weeks after the birth, chronic hypertension is diagnosed
Preeclampsia: - Answers - Gestational hypertension with proteinuria. Thought to be
disease of placenta. The placental blood vessels don't seem to develop properly.
Narrower than normal blood vessels and reacts differently to hormonal signaling which
limits the amount of blood that can flow through them. Liver, kidney, and brain are all
affected.
Eclampsia: - Answers - Progression of preeclampsia to generalized seizures. Can be
life threatening or cause hypoxic injury to fetus. It can cause seizures. Magnesium
sulfate is used to prevent seizures.
Chronic hypertension: - Answers - Hypertension that preceded the pregnancy or less
than 20 weeks' gestation. Women with chronic HTN are at increased risk for
preeclampsia. Monitor closely for proteinuria and edema.
Know the early and late types of hemorrhage, the signs and symptoms and various
treatments for each, both antepartum and post-partum. - Answers -
Placenta Previa: - Answers - Implantation of the placenta in the lower uterus and
partially covering the cervix. Painless uterine bleeding in the latter half of pregnancy.
Administer oxytocin to stimulate labor should be AVOIDED! Manual vaginal exam or
