ASLP 3030 final
What is a complex waveform? - ANS-a waveform that contains multiple frequencies ex: our
voices
How do speakers increase their perceived loudness? - ANS-by increasing subglottal pressure
having larger articulators movements with higher oral pressure
Having larger vocal folds
*excursions and more forceful vocal fold collisions
What is the main thing that distinguishes a digital signal from an analog signal? - ANS-Digital
signals are discrete snapshots over time
Analog are infinite graph : continues in time and continues amplitude, no gaps
what is sampling rate - ANS-the number of samples , snapshots, taken per second represents
an amplitude
What is quantization? - ANS-the assignment of a digital value to describe the amplitude of a
waveform
refers to this process of *converting* a voltage, which is analog, into a number, which is if
course, digital. And the quantization accuracy has to do with the number of bits of resolution that
you have. for the sine wave, any voltage value is possible within its range. The voltage goes up
and down on the y-axis.More steps available, each one can cover a slightly smaller voltage
range.
What is a spectrum and how is it different from a spectrogram? - ANS-spectrum contains all
frequencies presented in a waveform (amplitude (vertical axis) vs frequency (horizontal axis)
Spectrogram: shows all 3 The X axis in this case goes from left to right showing* time*. The Y
axis goes from low frequency at the bottom to high *frequency* at the top. And whether the
trace is lighter or darker represents the intensity of the signal or the amount of *amplitude* that
is present with darker representing stronger.
What is Fourier analysis/Fourier transform? - ANS-analysis :all periodic sounds are made of a
combination of sine waves varying in amplitude phases and frequencies.
transform:creates a spectrum from the time domain waveform(analyze a cake to know its
ingredients)
What does the spectrum of a person's voice look like? - ANS-it will contain a peak of F0 equal
spaced peak
, What are jitter and shimmer? - ANS-random cycle-to-cycle duration differences are called jitter
random cycle-to-cycle amplitude differences are called shimmer
JITTER=DURATION
SHIMMER=AMPLITUDE
Why is it challenging to see the movement of the vocal folds using standard video/filming
techniques? - ANS-we cannot see them because Vocal folds are too fast 100 p/s and we need
to double frames per second 200 frames p/s
What is the technique involving strobe lights that you can use to see the movements in
slow-motion? How does that work? - ANS-Stroboscopy/strobe lights is simulated by having
sequential images taken successively later across several vibratory cycles that makes it look
slow motion putting them all together like a flip book (bad when voice disorders,pitch change)
In what speech sounds is intra oral pressure higher than atmospheric pressure? In what speech
sounds is it roughly equal? - ANS-1 HIGHEst THAN ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE=stop
consonants /p,t/
2 ND highest pressure for fricatives is elevated intraoral pressure because you have to build up
pressure for sounds like /s/ /z/
3rd EQUAL ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE/intraoral=Vowel consonant
What is phonation threshold pressure and why would phonation threshold pressure be higher in
speakers with voice disorders? - ANS-amount of pressure required from to lungs in order to get
the vf to oscililate. very softest a person can produce
scaring or pathologies in mucosa (jelly/fluffy roll w air)they will not have that consistency and
require more air pressure to get them moving ***it takes more for them to get airflow going to get
the voice to oscillate
What is a periodic waveform? What does it mean to be aperiodic? - ANS-Periodic waveform a
signal repeats or recurs it can be simple or complex( remember what it looks like)**
Aperiodic: signals do not repeat
our voices are nearly periodic
What is the fundamental frequency and how do you find it when looking at a waveform? -
ANS-speed of vocal fold vibration (pitch)
slowest repeating pattern & you can measure ff that way frequency=1/period
Which vocal register has the slack positioning of the vocal folds and which has them pulled the
most tightly (pulse, modal, or falsetto)? - ANS-falsetto vf stretched tightly
modal: speaking voice -wide range
pulse:vocal fry vf slack-limited range
What is a complex waveform? - ANS-a waveform that contains multiple frequencies ex: our
voices
How do speakers increase their perceived loudness? - ANS-by increasing subglottal pressure
having larger articulators movements with higher oral pressure
Having larger vocal folds
*excursions and more forceful vocal fold collisions
What is the main thing that distinguishes a digital signal from an analog signal? - ANS-Digital
signals are discrete snapshots over time
Analog are infinite graph : continues in time and continues amplitude, no gaps
what is sampling rate - ANS-the number of samples , snapshots, taken per second represents
an amplitude
What is quantization? - ANS-the assignment of a digital value to describe the amplitude of a
waveform
refers to this process of *converting* a voltage, which is analog, into a number, which is if
course, digital. And the quantization accuracy has to do with the number of bits of resolution that
you have. for the sine wave, any voltage value is possible within its range. The voltage goes up
and down on the y-axis.More steps available, each one can cover a slightly smaller voltage
range.
What is a spectrum and how is it different from a spectrogram? - ANS-spectrum contains all
frequencies presented in a waveform (amplitude (vertical axis) vs frequency (horizontal axis)
Spectrogram: shows all 3 The X axis in this case goes from left to right showing* time*. The Y
axis goes from low frequency at the bottom to high *frequency* at the top. And whether the
trace is lighter or darker represents the intensity of the signal or the amount of *amplitude* that
is present with darker representing stronger.
What is Fourier analysis/Fourier transform? - ANS-analysis :all periodic sounds are made of a
combination of sine waves varying in amplitude phases and frequencies.
transform:creates a spectrum from the time domain waveform(analyze a cake to know its
ingredients)
What does the spectrum of a person's voice look like? - ANS-it will contain a peak of F0 equal
spaced peak
, What are jitter and shimmer? - ANS-random cycle-to-cycle duration differences are called jitter
random cycle-to-cycle amplitude differences are called shimmer
JITTER=DURATION
SHIMMER=AMPLITUDE
Why is it challenging to see the movement of the vocal folds using standard video/filming
techniques? - ANS-we cannot see them because Vocal folds are too fast 100 p/s and we need
to double frames per second 200 frames p/s
What is the technique involving strobe lights that you can use to see the movements in
slow-motion? How does that work? - ANS-Stroboscopy/strobe lights is simulated by having
sequential images taken successively later across several vibratory cycles that makes it look
slow motion putting them all together like a flip book (bad when voice disorders,pitch change)
In what speech sounds is intra oral pressure higher than atmospheric pressure? In what speech
sounds is it roughly equal? - ANS-1 HIGHEst THAN ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE=stop
consonants /p,t/
2 ND highest pressure for fricatives is elevated intraoral pressure because you have to build up
pressure for sounds like /s/ /z/
3rd EQUAL ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE/intraoral=Vowel consonant
What is phonation threshold pressure and why would phonation threshold pressure be higher in
speakers with voice disorders? - ANS-amount of pressure required from to lungs in order to get
the vf to oscililate. very softest a person can produce
scaring or pathologies in mucosa (jelly/fluffy roll w air)they will not have that consistency and
require more air pressure to get them moving ***it takes more for them to get airflow going to get
the voice to oscillate
What is a periodic waveform? What does it mean to be aperiodic? - ANS-Periodic waveform a
signal repeats or recurs it can be simple or complex( remember what it looks like)**
Aperiodic: signals do not repeat
our voices are nearly periodic
What is the fundamental frequency and how do you find it when looking at a waveform? -
ANS-speed of vocal fold vibration (pitch)
slowest repeating pattern & you can measure ff that way frequency=1/period
Which vocal register has the slack positioning of the vocal folds and which has them pulled the
most tightly (pulse, modal, or falsetto)? - ANS-falsetto vf stretched tightly
modal: speaking voice -wide range
pulse:vocal fry vf slack-limited range
