Page | 1
PSYC 388 Unit 10 Questions with
Detailed Verified Answers
Question:Positive reinforcer
Ans: the onset or application of an event that increases the probability of a
behaviour being repeated. An example might be praise for good behaviour,
which results in more good behaviour; it could also be attention given to
misbehaviour, which results in more misbehaviour.
Question: Negative reinforcer
Ans: the offset or removal of an event that increases the probability of a
behaviour being repeated. An example might be removal of hunger pains after
eating, which results in an increased likelihood that a person will eat when
hungry.
Question: Punishment
Ans: involves a stimulus or event that decreases the probability of an
occurrence of a behaviour. Punishment may also be positive or negative.
Question: Positive punishment
Ans: involves the application of a stimulus or event that reduces the likelihood
of a behaviour reoccurring. An example might be an electrical shock, which
reduces the likelihood that a child will stick his or her finger in an electrical
socket again.
Question: Negative punishment
Ans: involves the removal of a stimulus, which reduces the likelihood of a
behaviour reoccurring. An example of negative punishment might be turning
off a favourite television program in response to an argument, which reduces
the likelihood of the occurrence of the children fighting while watching
television together.
, Page | 2
Question: Reinforcement vs punishment
Ans: Both reinforcement and punishment are defined by their results on
behaviour, not by their intrinsic characteristics. Thus, screaming at a person is
a reinforcer if the behaviour increases as a result, and praising a person is a
punishment if the behaviour decreases as a result.
Question: Behavioural Counselling
Ans: -Focuses on a broad range of behaviours. Usually an excess or deficit of
behaviour.
-Counsellors in this approach seek to help clients learn new, appropriate ways
of acting, or to help them modify or eliminate excessive actions. Counsellor
helps client to learn.
-Popular approach in institutional settings.
-Often used for eating disorders, substance abuse, and psychosexual
dysfunction. Also anxiety, stress, assertiveness, parenting and social
interaction (Cormier and Hackney; Seligman).
Question: Founders and Developers Behavioural Therapy
Ans: -B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) most responsible for the popularization of
behavioural treatment methods.
-Applied behavioural analysis is a "direct extension of Skinner's (1953) radical
behaviourism", which is based on operant conditioning.
-Pavlov, Watson, Cover Jones.
-Bandura, Krumboltz, Jacobson, Hayes, Linehan contributed a lot to this
approach for working with clients.
Question: View of Human Nature
, Page | 3
Ans: -a concentration on behavioural processes-that is, processes closely
associated with overt behaviour (except for cognitive-behaviourists)
-a focus on the here and now as opposed to the then and there of behaviour
-an assumption that all behaviour is learned, whether is be adaptive or
maladaptive
-a belief that learning can be effective in changing maladaptive behaviour
-a focus on setting up well-defined therapy goals with clients
-a rejection of the idea that the human personality is composed of traits
-Social cognitive learning
Question: Empiricism and behaviourism
Ans: Stress on obtaining empirical evidence and scientific support for any
techniques they use.
Question: Social cognitive learning
Ans: Social cognitive learning stresses that people acquire new knowledge
and behaviour by observing other people and events without engaging in the
behaviour themselves and without any direct consequences to themselves.
Question: Role of the Counsellor Behaviour Therapy
PSYC 388 Unit 10 Questions with
Detailed Verified Answers
Question:Positive reinforcer
Ans: the onset or application of an event that increases the probability of a
behaviour being repeated. An example might be praise for good behaviour,
which results in more good behaviour; it could also be attention given to
misbehaviour, which results in more misbehaviour.
Question: Negative reinforcer
Ans: the offset or removal of an event that increases the probability of a
behaviour being repeated. An example might be removal of hunger pains after
eating, which results in an increased likelihood that a person will eat when
hungry.
Question: Punishment
Ans: involves a stimulus or event that decreases the probability of an
occurrence of a behaviour. Punishment may also be positive or negative.
Question: Positive punishment
Ans: involves the application of a stimulus or event that reduces the likelihood
of a behaviour reoccurring. An example might be an electrical shock, which
reduces the likelihood that a child will stick his or her finger in an electrical
socket again.
Question: Negative punishment
Ans: involves the removal of a stimulus, which reduces the likelihood of a
behaviour reoccurring. An example of negative punishment might be turning
off a favourite television program in response to an argument, which reduces
the likelihood of the occurrence of the children fighting while watching
television together.
, Page | 2
Question: Reinforcement vs punishment
Ans: Both reinforcement and punishment are defined by their results on
behaviour, not by their intrinsic characteristics. Thus, screaming at a person is
a reinforcer if the behaviour increases as a result, and praising a person is a
punishment if the behaviour decreases as a result.
Question: Behavioural Counselling
Ans: -Focuses on a broad range of behaviours. Usually an excess or deficit of
behaviour.
-Counsellors in this approach seek to help clients learn new, appropriate ways
of acting, or to help them modify or eliminate excessive actions. Counsellor
helps client to learn.
-Popular approach in institutional settings.
-Often used for eating disorders, substance abuse, and psychosexual
dysfunction. Also anxiety, stress, assertiveness, parenting and social
interaction (Cormier and Hackney; Seligman).
Question: Founders and Developers Behavioural Therapy
Ans: -B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) most responsible for the popularization of
behavioural treatment methods.
-Applied behavioural analysis is a "direct extension of Skinner's (1953) radical
behaviourism", which is based on operant conditioning.
-Pavlov, Watson, Cover Jones.
-Bandura, Krumboltz, Jacobson, Hayes, Linehan contributed a lot to this
approach for working with clients.
Question: View of Human Nature
, Page | 3
Ans: -a concentration on behavioural processes-that is, processes closely
associated with overt behaviour (except for cognitive-behaviourists)
-a focus on the here and now as opposed to the then and there of behaviour
-an assumption that all behaviour is learned, whether is be adaptive or
maladaptive
-a belief that learning can be effective in changing maladaptive behaviour
-a focus on setting up well-defined therapy goals with clients
-a rejection of the idea that the human personality is composed of traits
-Social cognitive learning
Question: Empiricism and behaviourism
Ans: Stress on obtaining empirical evidence and scientific support for any
techniques they use.
Question: Social cognitive learning
Ans: Social cognitive learning stresses that people acquire new knowledge
and behaviour by observing other people and events without engaging in the
behaviour themselves and without any direct consequences to themselves.
Question: Role of the Counsellor Behaviour Therapy
