Hdev (Human Development Across The Lifespan) Final Exam Study Guide 2025/2026 Accurate Questions And Correct Detailed Answers With Rationales || 100% Guaranteed Pass Brand New Version

HDEV (Human Development across the Lifespan) FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS BRAND NEW VERSION 1. The scientific method - ANSWER make observations, think of interesting questions, formulate hypotheses, develop testable predictions, gather data to test predictions, refine/alter/expand/reject hypotheses, enough data then general theories introducing research design 2. Research design - ANSWER Research design plan/proposal to conduct research to test a hypothesis (prediction) or answer a question 3. Quantitative research - ANSWER Approaches collection and analysis of numerical data. Draw conclusions about cause and effect and/or association 4. Correlation design - ANSWER determine the relationship/association between two or more variables 5. Experimental design - ANSWER independent variable(s) is manipulated, other variables controlled, and outcome (dependent variable) is observed to test cause and effect 6. Qualitative research approaches - ANSWER collection analysis and interpretation of narrative and visual data and draws conclusions about meaning and context 7. Descriptive research - ANSWER detailed number of trends and patterns to describe and understand cultural and social meanings in a given context 8. Biology - ANSWER life and its constituent parts and processes Worldview: stable, predictable, can be measured and generalized, of the individual  Experiments and correlation 9. Psychology - ANSWER mind and behavior Worldview: stable, predictable, can be measured and generalized, of the individual experiments and correlation 10. Anthropology - ANSWER behavior and physical/social/cultural development of humans in context  worldview: situated in a given context, changes between communities and cultures, influenced by one's own worldview, of culture/community  descriptive mostly 11. Sociology - ANSWER social behavior and social institutions  situated in a given context, dependent on social interactions and shared earnings  descriptive, correlational, and sometimes experimental designs to study development 12. Longitudinal design - ANSWER o same group, studied multiple times over long course of time  individual change  draws conclusions about how early events impact later events  attrition and cohort effects · Cross sectional design - ANSWER o different age groups, studied at one time point  efficient  low dropout  no causation and not really abt developmental change 13. Bandura's social cognitive theory argues that children learn by observing models. T/F? - ANSWER True Reason: In social cognitive theory, the people after whom we pattern our own behavior are termed models. See 1-2: Theories of Development 14. During the Middle Ages, children were nurtured until they were seven years old, which was considered the ''age of reason.'' T/F? - ANSWER True Reason: Children were nurtured until they were seven years old, which was considered the ''age of reason.'' See 1-1: The Development of the Study of Development 15. The ecological systems theory of development states that only genetic factors are worth studying. T/F? - ANSWER False Reason: The ecological systems theory of development addresses aspects of psychological, social, and emotional development as well as aspects of biological development. See 1-2: Theories of Development 16. Which of the following is a cognitive theorist most likely to study? - ANSWER How children perceive and mentally represent the world 17. In the context of the nature-nurture controversy, nature refers to the influence of _____. - ANSWER heredity Reason: In the context of the nature-nurture controversy, nature refers to the influence of heredity, whereas nurture refers to environmental influences. See 1-3: Controversies in Development 18. Which of the following is a similarity between Piaget's cognitive developmental theory and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory? - ANSWER Both see the child's functioning as adaptive. Reason: Like Piaget, Vygotsky sees a child's functioning as adaptive, and the child adapts to his or her social and cultural interactions. See 1-2: Theories of Development 19. Which of the following is a similarity between John Watson's school of behaviorism and John Locke's concept of tabula rasa? - ANSWER Both suggest that experience determines one's ideas, preferences, and skills. Reason: John B. Watson, the founder of American behaviorism, viewed development in terms of learning theory. He generally agreed with Locke that children's ideas, preferences, and skills are shaped by experience. See 1 1: The Development of the Study of Development 20. Which of the following is true of the ego according to Freud? - ANSWER It makes plans that are socially appropriate. Reason: The ego curbs the appetites of the id and makes plans that are in keeping with social conventions so that a person can find gratification but avoid social disapproval. 21. The idea of childhood as a special time of life: - ANSWER became evident during the Industrial Revolution, as children became more visible. the point of having random assignment in an experiment - ANSWER to make sure that no pre existing differences among groups caused the changein experimental group behaviors 22. What is the scope of the biological perspective? - ANSWER it refers to development connected with hormones, heredity and reproduction 23. Zone of proximal - ANSWER the zone of development Vygotsgys term for the range of skills that a child can carry out only when they have the help of a more skilled person 24. The more hours students spend studying, the lower their exam scores tend to be. represents... - ANSWER a negative correlation 25. The nature/nurture is connected with... - ANSWER the relationships between heredity, environment and human development 26. Represents observational learning - ANSWER gina watches her mother mow the grass and then she pushes her toy lawnmower around the lawn in a similar way 27. Omar can tie his shoes, but only with his mothers help. this suggests that tying shoes... - ANSWER is within omar's zone of proximal development 28. Which thinker suggested that children are innately good? - ANSWER jean jacques rousseau 29. A researcher has found that the more hours students spend partying, the lower their exam scores tend to be. This represents.. - ANSWER a negative correlation 30. When evaluating Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following is true? - ANSWER piaget underestimated the ages at which children are capable of doing certain things 31. What is the scope of the biological perspective? - ANSWER it refers to development connected with hormones heredity and reproduction 32. The Lifespan Perspective on development is______________ - ANSWER influenced by multiple forces, multi dirrectional and multi dirrentional 33. Freud's theories have been criticized for: - ANSWER relying upon patients member of childhood events 34. According to Urie Bronfenbrenner, an ecological systems theorist: - ANSWER two way interactions between a child and his/her parents influence the childs development 35. Ethology suggests that behavior is a result of.. - ANSWER innate behaviors 36. In terms of height and weight gains during early childhood - ANSWER boys and girls become more slender and lose some baby fat 37. Brain plasticity - ANSWER the brain can sometime compensate for injuries 38. Throughout early childhood - ANSWER motor skills are overall very similar between boys and girls 39. Nhu and Joseph are chasing each other around the park and wrestling in the grass. This form of play is called: - ANSWER rough and tumble play 40. Which of the following is important regarding nutrition during early childhood? - ANSWER a well balanced diet with plenty of healthy snacks limited sweets and soft drinks should be provided as the eating habits established now can last a lifetime 41. Caitlin thinks that all people love dolls because she loves dolls. This is an example of: - ANSWER egosentrism 42. Conservation requires understanding that - ANSWER properties of objects remain the same even if you change their shape or arrangement 43. Marcario is trying to build a tower of blocks. His father carefully balances a layer while Marcario places the next block. Soon Marcario can support each layer himself while placing the each block. This is an example of - ANSWER the zone of proximal development 44. According to Vygotsky, what is "inner speech?" - ANSWER the ultimate binding of language and thought 45. When she speaks to her kitten, Anaïs talks in a high pitch and uses short, soft words. When she talks to her friends, Anaïs uses an adult tone. Anaïs is demonstrating understanding of - ANSWER pagmatics 46. Shemeeka finds that as she gets older, she recalls most of her medical training and has built upon it in her medical practice, but cannot recall the Italian she learned when she was a student abroad. This shows _____ of her cognitive development - ANSWER multidirectionality 47. According to Daniel Levinson and his colleagues, which of the following is true of the midlife transition? - ANSWER It is a period in which people fear they have more to look back upon than forward to. 48. Which of the following is true of those that have "empty nest syndrome"? - ANSWER It affects mothers much more than fathers. 49. Cassandra got divorced, lost her job, and had to move into a new apartment in a run-down section of town. She believes that these setbacks are temporary. In the context of the life-events approach, which of the following is most likely to occur to her? - ANSWER She is likely to manage her stress better than someone who believes this situation would not change. 50. Cross-cultural research on the "big five" personality factors has shown that: - ANSWER the factors are related to people's basic temperaments, which are largely inborn. 51. Which of the following is true of career change in middle adulthood? - ANSWER It often involves change into related areas. 52. Which of the following is true of the "sandwich generation"? - ANSWER It consists of middle-aged children having the burden of caring for young children and aging parents. 53. The term ageism refers to: - ANSWER the prejudice against people because of their age. 54. Religion - ANSWER Religious involvemnt is usually associated with less depression and more life satisfaction. Frequent church going has been shown to be associated with fewer problems in the activities of daily living among older people. Consider some of the benefits of frequent church-going found in studies of older African Americans. Older African Americans who attend services more than once a week live 13.7 years longer, on average, than their counterparts who never attend church. several reasons for their relative longevity, including avoidance of negative coping methods such as aggressive behavior and drinking alcohol, success in evading victimization by violence, a sense of hopefulness, and social support. 55. Marriage - ANSWER Similarity in personality is less of a contributor to conflict than it is in midlife, consistent with the finding that similarity in conscientiousness and extraversion is no longer strongly associated with marital dissatisfaction. In a study of 120 older Israeli couples, Kulik (2004) found that sharing power in the relationship and divid-ing household tasks contributed to satisfaction in the relationships. Past assistance from one's spouse in a time of need also affected the quality of the mar-riage and life satisfaction for both partners in the relationship. 56. Divorce - ANSWER older adults are less likely than younger to seek divorce 57. Gay and Lesbian Relationships - ANSWER older gay men and lesbians has shown that, as with heterosexuals, gay men and lesbians in long-term partnerships tend to enjoy higher self-esteem, less depression, fewer suicidal urges, and less alcohol and drug abuse 58. Widowhood - ANSWER Men have the most difficulty coping. much more likely to lead to social isolation than marital separation (Glaser et al., 2006). The reasons for isolation are physical, cog-nitive, and emotional. Widowhood leads to a decline in physical and mental health, including increased mortal-ity and deterioration in memory functioning (Aartsen et al., 2005). Loss of a spouse also heightens the risks of depression and suicide among older adults, and more so among men than women. Men are more likely to remarry. One reason is simply that women tend to outlive men, so there are more older women who are available. Another is that women, more so than men, make use of the web of kinship relations and close friendships available to them. Men may also be less adept than women at various aspects of self and household care, and therefore seek that help from a new partner. 59. Siblings - ANSWER A lifespan developmental study of twin relation ships found that, compared with other sibling relationships, the twin relationships were more intense in terms of frequency of contacts, intimacy, conflict, and emotional support. Frequency of contact and emotional