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when people construct their own/differ-
Explain constructivist theory? ent understanding of the world through
their own personal experiences.
In a middle school science class, stu-
dents are learning about ecosystems,
specifically focusing on the interdepen-
dence of species in the Pacific North-
west. The teacher organizes the students
Describe an example of the sociocultural
into small groups and gives each group
theory in practice.
a different aspect of the ecosystem to
research (e.g., the role of salmon, the im-
pact of deforestation, the importance of
indigenous knowledge in environmental
stewardship).
Sociocultural theory, developed by Lev
Vygotsky, emphasizes the role of social
interaction and cultural tools in shaping
cognitive development. A key aspect of
Explain sociocultural theory.
this theory is the idea that learning oc-
curs within a social context and is fa-
cilitated by more knowledgeable others,
such as teachers, peers, or parents.
In a middle school language arts class,
students are reading The House on
Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros. The
teacher organizes the students into lit-
erature circles, where each group is as-
Describe an example of sociocultural
signed different chapters to read and dis-
theory in the literacy classroom.
cuss. Each student in the group takes
on a specific role, such as discussion
leader, summarizer, or connector (some-
one who relates the text to personal ex-
periences or other texts).
a mental model/framework for how we
What is a schema?
view the world
The influence of Louise Rosenblatt
, WGU C909 - Elementary Reading Methods and Interventions Verified Multiple
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A highly influential thinker in literary and
critical theory, reading pedagogy, and
education.
signifies that both the reader and the text
Rosenblatt learning theory play important roles in the formation of
meaning.
In an elementary classroom, a teacher
is working with a small group of sec-
ond-grade students who are reading at
varying levels. The teacher selects a
Describe an example of the "Zone of
book that is slightly above the students'
Proximal Development" as it applies to
independent reading levels but within
literacy.
their ZPD. The text includes new vo-
cabulary words, more complex sentence
structures, and a theme that the students
are not entirely familiar with.
1. Active Engagement and Deep Under-
standing
Describe three benefits of constructivism 2. Development of Critical Thinking and
Problem-Solving Skills
3. Personalized and Relevant Learning
-construction
Three phases of the construction inte- -integration
gration process -metacognition
Integrate words and sentences by linking
Integration previous information using cohesive ties
to create a textbase
monitor their process to ensure the
meaning makes sense, if it does. not the
Metacognition
reader employs strategies to fix compre-
hension.
I do (focus lesson), we do (guided in-
Gradual Release of Responsibility struction), you do (collaborative), and
you do (independent)
1. Babbling (0-12 months)
2. First Words (12-18 months)
, 3. Two-Word Phrases (18-24 months)
Oral language development in young
4. Sentence Formation (2-3 years)
children
5. Complex Language Use (3-5 years)
1. Scribbling
2. Letter-like forms and shapes
Stages of writing 3. Letters
4. Letters and spaces
5. Conventional writing and spelling
1. Pre-K
2. End of Kindergarten
3. End of grade 1
Reading Development Stages
4. End of grade 2
5. Grades 3 and 4
6. Middle and secondary levels
Many preschoolers do recognize some
letters, such as those in their names, and
Pre-K
they may grasp certain important print
concepts.
Recognize all or nearly all letters, both
upper case and lower case; they can
End of kindergarten
name and give sounds for single letters,
especially consonants.
Decode a wide variety of unfamiliar
one-syllable, phonetically regular words,
End of grade 1
including words with closed syllable pat-
terns, silent e, sight words.
Increasing ability to decode unfamiliar
long words, including words with conso-
nant-le, phonetically regular two-syllable
End of grade 2
words, and some multi-syllable words,
especially words in their oral vocabular-
ies
Largely mastered basic word decoding
skills, including skills for decoding most
Grades 3 and 4
multisyllabic words, except for unusual
words.
Middle and secondary levels