Comprehensive Study Guide for NR 507
Midterm Exam: Advanced
Pathophysiology with Verified Answers.
Asthma - Correct Answer ✅Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and
an excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - Correct Answer ✅
1. coughing
2. wheezing
3. shortness of breath
4. rapid breathing
5. chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - Correct Answer ✅
-airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - Correct Answer ✅smaller passageways that originate from the
bronchi that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - Correct Answer ✅
1. innermost layer
2. middle layer - lamina propria
3. outermost layer
1
,lamina propria - Correct Answer ✅the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria - Correct Answer ✅embedded with
connective tissue cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - Correct Answer ✅white blood cells are
present to help protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - Correct
Answer ✅the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an
inflammatory response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - Correct Answer
✅columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - Correct Answer
✅smooth muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - Correct Answer
✅control the airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - Correct Answer ✅When air is unable to move out
of the alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible
mucus plug thus trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - Correct Answer ✅the ongoing
inflammatory process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the
bronchial walls collapse around
2
, Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - Correct Answer ✅
-expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - Correct Answer
✅tiotropium and ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - Correct Answer ✅These drugs
block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - Correct Answer ✅the
parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release
acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract
to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing
the bronchial constriction
bronchitis - Correct Answer ✅inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - Correct Answer ✅
1. bronchial inflammation
2. hypersecretion of mucus
3. chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least
2 successive years
3
Midterm Exam: Advanced
Pathophysiology with Verified Answers.
Asthma - Correct Answer ✅Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and
an excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - Correct Answer ✅
1. coughing
2. wheezing
3. shortness of breath
4. rapid breathing
5. chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - Correct Answer ✅
-airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - Correct Answer ✅smaller passageways that originate from the
bronchi that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - Correct Answer ✅
1. innermost layer
2. middle layer - lamina propria
3. outermost layer
1
,lamina propria - Correct Answer ✅the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria - Correct Answer ✅embedded with
connective tissue cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - Correct Answer ✅white blood cells are
present to help protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - Correct
Answer ✅the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an
inflammatory response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - Correct Answer
✅columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - Correct Answer
✅smooth muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - Correct Answer
✅control the airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - Correct Answer ✅When air is unable to move out
of the alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible
mucus plug thus trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - Correct Answer ✅the ongoing
inflammatory process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the
bronchial walls collapse around
2
, Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - Correct Answer ✅
-expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - Correct Answer
✅tiotropium and ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - Correct Answer ✅These drugs
block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - Correct Answer ✅the
parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release
acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract
to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing
the bronchial constriction
bronchitis - Correct Answer ✅inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - Correct Answer ✅
1. bronchial inflammation
2. hypersecretion of mucus
3. chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least
2 successive years
3
