NU 180 EXAM QUESTIONS AND 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS!!
What is osteomyelitis?
- Bone infection, typically caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
- May reach the bone either through the bloodstream, or directly through an open wound or
surgical implant.
- Results in swelling and pressure, leading to bone tissue death.
- Sequestra can harbour infection, making treatment difficult and may require surgery.
What is osteomyelitis typically caused by?
- Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
What are the clinical manifestations associated with acute (early-stage bone infection)
osteomyelitis?
- Fever, chills, fatigue, nausea
- Localized pain, swelling, warmth, and restricted movement of the affected area.
What are the clinical manifestations associated with chronic osteomyelitis?
- Pain that has been ongoing for >1 month.
- Ongoing/recurring pain, swelling, tenderness
- Scar tissue can develop, creating a barrier that makes treatment more difficult.
- Long-term complications of untreated osteomyelitis include sepsis, joint infections, bone
fractures.
How is osteomyelitis diagnosed?
- Physical exam
- CBC & blood cultures
- Bone biopsy
- Imaging: Xray, CT, MRI
What is the treatment for acute osteomyelitis?
,- Prolonged IV antibiotics (4-6wks up to 6months)
- Gentamicin
What are some diagnostic studies for osteoporosis?
- Goes undetected until significant bone loss occurs (25-40%), as conventional radiography can't
detect it early.
- Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements, such as DEXA and quantitative ultrasonography
(QUS), are used to assess bone density and evaluate treatment effectiveness.
- DEXA results are reported as T-scores: a score of −1 or higher indicates normal bone density,
while osteoporosis is diagnosed with a T-score of −2.5 or lower.
What is the treatment for chronic osteomyelitis?
- Surgery
- Long-term antibiotics
- Amputation (severe cases)
What are some nursing managements for osteomyelitis?
- Immobilizing the affected limb can reduce pain.
- Pain management.
- Dressings on draining wounds help remove dead tissue.
- Maintaining alignment, frequent repositioning, and supporting the foot can prevent
complications like contractures or footdrop. (To avoid these contractures, the limb should always
be supported in a neutral or straight position when possible.)
- Patients should be educated on the side effects of prolonged antibiotics
What is Osteoporosis?
- A chronic, progressive bone disease characterized by decreased bone mass and structural
deterioration, leading to fragile bones that are susceptible to fractures, particularly at the hip,
wrist, and spine.
- Bone is maintained through a balance of deposition by osteoblasts and resorption by
osteoclasts, a process known as bone remodelling.
- When resorption exceeds deposition, as seen in osteoporosis, bone density decreases.
, What factors increase bone mass loss?
- Low estrogen
- Low serum calcium
- Alcohol consumption
- Smoking
- Physical inactivity
- Medications (corticosteroids)
What are treatments for osteoporisis?
- Treatment focuses on nutrition, calcium, exercise, fracture prevention, and medication.
- Regular weight-bearing exercise enhances bone health.
- Avoid smoking and alcohol consumption.
What are some clinical manifestations associated with osteoporosis?
- Coined the "silent disease".
- Collapsed vertebrae can be one of the early signs of osteoporosis, manifesting in back pain, loss
of height, or noticeable spinal deformities such as kyphosis or a severely stooped posture.
- Often elderly patients might think they are "shrinking" with age.
What is the proper nutrition for osteoporosis?
- Calcium intake is essential:
- 1000mg/day adults 19-50;
- 1200 mg for those >50
- Vitamin D is also crucial for calcium absorption
What medications are used for osteoporosis treatment?
- Bisphosphonates (e.g. Alendronate) Slows down activity of osteoclasts.
- Teriparatide is used in severe cases. It stimulates new bone formation by increasing osteoblast
activity.
- Thiazide Diuretic - Hydronchlorothiazide boosts calcium retention in the kidneys
What are the types of low back pain?
CORRECT ANSWERS!!
What is osteomyelitis?
- Bone infection, typically caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
- May reach the bone either through the bloodstream, or directly through an open wound or
surgical implant.
- Results in swelling and pressure, leading to bone tissue death.
- Sequestra can harbour infection, making treatment difficult and may require surgery.
What is osteomyelitis typically caused by?
- Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
What are the clinical manifestations associated with acute (early-stage bone infection)
osteomyelitis?
- Fever, chills, fatigue, nausea
- Localized pain, swelling, warmth, and restricted movement of the affected area.
What are the clinical manifestations associated with chronic osteomyelitis?
- Pain that has been ongoing for >1 month.
- Ongoing/recurring pain, swelling, tenderness
- Scar tissue can develop, creating a barrier that makes treatment more difficult.
- Long-term complications of untreated osteomyelitis include sepsis, joint infections, bone
fractures.
How is osteomyelitis diagnosed?
- Physical exam
- CBC & blood cultures
- Bone biopsy
- Imaging: Xray, CT, MRI
What is the treatment for acute osteomyelitis?
,- Prolonged IV antibiotics (4-6wks up to 6months)
- Gentamicin
What are some diagnostic studies for osteoporosis?
- Goes undetected until significant bone loss occurs (25-40%), as conventional radiography can't
detect it early.
- Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements, such as DEXA and quantitative ultrasonography
(QUS), are used to assess bone density and evaluate treatment effectiveness.
- DEXA results are reported as T-scores: a score of −1 or higher indicates normal bone density,
while osteoporosis is diagnosed with a T-score of −2.5 or lower.
What is the treatment for chronic osteomyelitis?
- Surgery
- Long-term antibiotics
- Amputation (severe cases)
What are some nursing managements for osteomyelitis?
- Immobilizing the affected limb can reduce pain.
- Pain management.
- Dressings on draining wounds help remove dead tissue.
- Maintaining alignment, frequent repositioning, and supporting the foot can prevent
complications like contractures or footdrop. (To avoid these contractures, the limb should always
be supported in a neutral or straight position when possible.)
- Patients should be educated on the side effects of prolonged antibiotics
What is Osteoporosis?
- A chronic, progressive bone disease characterized by decreased bone mass and structural
deterioration, leading to fragile bones that are susceptible to fractures, particularly at the hip,
wrist, and spine.
- Bone is maintained through a balance of deposition by osteoblasts and resorption by
osteoclasts, a process known as bone remodelling.
- When resorption exceeds deposition, as seen in osteoporosis, bone density decreases.
, What factors increase bone mass loss?
- Low estrogen
- Low serum calcium
- Alcohol consumption
- Smoking
- Physical inactivity
- Medications (corticosteroids)
What are treatments for osteoporisis?
- Treatment focuses on nutrition, calcium, exercise, fracture prevention, and medication.
- Regular weight-bearing exercise enhances bone health.
- Avoid smoking and alcohol consumption.
What are some clinical manifestations associated with osteoporosis?
- Coined the "silent disease".
- Collapsed vertebrae can be one of the early signs of osteoporosis, manifesting in back pain, loss
of height, or noticeable spinal deformities such as kyphosis or a severely stooped posture.
- Often elderly patients might think they are "shrinking" with age.
What is the proper nutrition for osteoporosis?
- Calcium intake is essential:
- 1000mg/day adults 19-50;
- 1200 mg for those >50
- Vitamin D is also crucial for calcium absorption
What medications are used for osteoporosis treatment?
- Bisphosphonates (e.g. Alendronate) Slows down activity of osteoclasts.
- Teriparatide is used in severe cases. It stimulates new bone formation by increasing osteoblast
activity.
- Thiazide Diuretic - Hydronchlorothiazide boosts calcium retention in the kidneys
What are the types of low back pain?
