UTA FAMILY 3 FINAL PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Long term use of metformin is associated with which vitamin deficiency? -
✔✔vitamin B12
✔✔The FNP should consider which parameters when initiating insulin therapy? - ✔✔-
symptomatic newly diagnosed T2DM
- A1C ≥ 10%
- blood glucose levels ≥ 300 mg/dl
✔✔Biguanides: drug name, state physiological action, A1c reduction, how taken, dosing
- ✔✔- metformin
- target organ: liver, secondary effects on muscle and fat
- decreases hepatic glucose production
- A1c reduction: 1.5-2.0 %
- take with meals
- 500 mg BID
- Increase dose by 500 mg every 1-3 weeks
- Most effective dose 2000 mg. 2550 mg daily
- Long acting: XR 500 mg. max dose 2000 mg daily
✔✔List the side effects of metformin - ✔✔- bloating
- fullness
- nausea
- cramping
- vitamin B12
- metallic taste
✔✔List some contraindications to metformin - ✔✔- DKA
- alcoholism
- binge drinking
- kidney or liver disease
- GFR < 30 ml/min
- CHF
- pregnancy
- contrast
✔✔Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 (SGLT2): drug name, state physiological action, A1c
reduction, how taken, dosing - ✔✔- empagliflozin
- target organ: kidney
- inhibits SGLT2
- reduces glucose reabsorption
- increasing urinary glucose excretion
, ✔✔What are some side effects of SGLT2 inhibitors? - ✔✔- hyperkalemia
- genital mycotic infection
- increased cholesterol
- UTI
- increased magnesium
- thirst
- increased hemoglobin
- increased creatinine
✔✔Thiazolidinediones (TZDs): drug name, state physiological action, A1c reduction,
how taken, dosing - ✔✔- pioglitazone (Actos), rosiglitazone (Avandia)
- Target organ: muscle, fat and liver
- improve receptivity of insulin receptors
- reduce glucose production by the liver
- 0.5-1.5% reduction
- take with food
✔✔What are the side effects of TZDs? - ✔✔- swelling of legs
- fluid retention
- weight gain
✔✔What are the contraindications of TZDs? - ✔✔- kidney or liver disease
- enlarged heart
- CHF
- edema
- pregnancy
✔✔Alpha Glucosidase inhibitors: drug name, state physiological action, A1c reduction,
how taken, dosing - ✔✔- precose (acarbose), glyset (miglitol)
- inhibits intestinal alpha-glusocidase
- 0.7-1% A1c reduction
- target organ: intestine
✔✔Sulfonylureas: drug name, state physiological action, A1c reduction, how taken,
dosing - ✔✔- glyburide (micronase, diabeta, glynase)
- glipizide (glucotrol, glucotrol XL)
- glimepride (amaryl)
- target organ: pancreas
- increase insulin release in the pancreas
- A1c reduction: 1-2%
- taken with food
- take 1-2 x daily or once with XL
- may cause lows 30 min before meals
✔✔List the side effects of sulfonylureas - ✔✔- hypoglycemia
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Long term use of metformin is associated with which vitamin deficiency? -
✔✔vitamin B12
✔✔The FNP should consider which parameters when initiating insulin therapy? - ✔✔-
symptomatic newly diagnosed T2DM
- A1C ≥ 10%
- blood glucose levels ≥ 300 mg/dl
✔✔Biguanides: drug name, state physiological action, A1c reduction, how taken, dosing
- ✔✔- metformin
- target organ: liver, secondary effects on muscle and fat
- decreases hepatic glucose production
- A1c reduction: 1.5-2.0 %
- take with meals
- 500 mg BID
- Increase dose by 500 mg every 1-3 weeks
- Most effective dose 2000 mg. 2550 mg daily
- Long acting: XR 500 mg. max dose 2000 mg daily
✔✔List the side effects of metformin - ✔✔- bloating
- fullness
- nausea
- cramping
- vitamin B12
- metallic taste
✔✔List some contraindications to metformin - ✔✔- DKA
- alcoholism
- binge drinking
- kidney or liver disease
- GFR < 30 ml/min
- CHF
- pregnancy
- contrast
✔✔Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 (SGLT2): drug name, state physiological action, A1c
reduction, how taken, dosing - ✔✔- empagliflozin
- target organ: kidney
- inhibits SGLT2
- reduces glucose reabsorption
- increasing urinary glucose excretion
, ✔✔What are some side effects of SGLT2 inhibitors? - ✔✔- hyperkalemia
- genital mycotic infection
- increased cholesterol
- UTI
- increased magnesium
- thirst
- increased hemoglobin
- increased creatinine
✔✔Thiazolidinediones (TZDs): drug name, state physiological action, A1c reduction,
how taken, dosing - ✔✔- pioglitazone (Actos), rosiglitazone (Avandia)
- Target organ: muscle, fat and liver
- improve receptivity of insulin receptors
- reduce glucose production by the liver
- 0.5-1.5% reduction
- take with food
✔✔What are the side effects of TZDs? - ✔✔- swelling of legs
- fluid retention
- weight gain
✔✔What are the contraindications of TZDs? - ✔✔- kidney or liver disease
- enlarged heart
- CHF
- edema
- pregnancy
✔✔Alpha Glucosidase inhibitors: drug name, state physiological action, A1c reduction,
how taken, dosing - ✔✔- precose (acarbose), glyset (miglitol)
- inhibits intestinal alpha-glusocidase
- 0.7-1% A1c reduction
- target organ: intestine
✔✔Sulfonylureas: drug name, state physiological action, A1c reduction, how taken,
dosing - ✔✔- glyburide (micronase, diabeta, glynase)
- glipizide (glucotrol, glucotrol XL)
- glimepride (amaryl)
- target organ: pancreas
- increase insulin release in the pancreas
- A1c reduction: 1-2%
- taken with food
- take 1-2 x daily or once with XL
- may cause lows 30 min before meals
✔✔List the side effects of sulfonylureas - ✔✔- hypoglycemia
