PSY 140 Exam 1 Questions With Correct
Answers
Correlation |Method |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Correlations |can |vary |from |-1 |to |+1, |0 |means |no |
relationship
Advantages: |Ethics, |Practical |Generalizable
Disadvantage: |Not |causal
Experimental |Method |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Random |Selection
Random |Assignment |(Experimental/Control |group) |
Pitfalls: |
Experimenter |expectancy |effect |(Rosenthal |Effect): |experimenter |giving |out |hints |like |nodding |
when |subjects |get |the |right |answer.
Demand |characteristics |(Hawthorne |effect): |the |presence |of |the |experimenter |affects |the |
behavior |of |the |subjects.
Evaluation |Measure: |Reliability |and |validity |
Advantage: |Can |make |an |causal |statement, |infer |causation.
Disadvantage: |less |generalizable, |limited |by |ethics, |limited |by |practicality.
Hypothesis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Predictions, |testable, |tentative, |based |on |logic. |Ex: |If |A |
occurs |then |B |should |follow. |Testing |a |possible |relationship |between |variables.
Provides |a |conceptual |framework |to |explain |existing |observations |and |predict |new |ones. |
Hypotheses |are |not |proven. |
Either |reject |them |or |fail |to |reject |them.
If |a |hypothesis |is |not |rejected |it |becomes |an |accepted |theory. |
An |accepted |theory |is |not |a |fact.
,Theory |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Answers |why, |explains |educated |guess
Verbal |statement |as |opposed |a |mathematical |equation |found |in |physics |or |chemistry
Only |useful |to |the |extent |they |generate |testable |predictions
Random |Assignment |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Achieve |control; |assign |people |to |either |
experimental |group |(receives |treatment), |control |group |(doesn't |receive |anything) |using |
randomization, |such |as |by |a |chance |procedure |(e.g., |flipping |a |coin).
1900-1910 |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Norman |Triplett
Was |born |on |a |farm |near |Perry, |Illinois |in |1861. |In |1898, |he |wrote |what |is |now |recognized |as |
the |first |published |study |in |the |field |of |social |psychology. |His |experiment |was |on |the |social |
facilitation |effect. |Triplett |noticed |that |cyclists |tend |to |have |faster |times |when |riding |in |the |
presence |of |a |counterpart |as |opposed |to |riding |alone. |He |then |demonstrated |this |effect |in |a |
controlled, |laboratory |experiment |and |concluded |that |children |perform |a |simple |lab |task |
faster |in |pairs |than |when |performing |by |themselves.
1910-1920 |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-John |B. |Watson |(1913)
Behaviorism |(or |behaviourism) |is |a |systematic |approach |to |the |understanding |of |human |and |
animal |behavior. |It |assumes |that |the |behavior |of |a |human |or |an |animal |is |a |consequence |of |
that |individual's |history, |including |especially |reinforcement |and |punishment, |together |with |the
|individual's |current |motivational |state |and |controlling |stimuli.
1920-1930 |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Floyd |Henry |Allport |(August |22, |1890 |- |October |15, |1979) |
was |an |American |psychologist |who |is |often |considered |"the |father |of |experimental |social |
psychology", |having |played |a |key |role |in |the |creation |of |social |psychology |as |a |legitimate |field |
of |behavioral |science.
Rejects |instinctual |theories |and |embraces |experimentation.
Marks |beginning |of |the |study |of |Personality |Psychology.
Begin |the |study |of |attitudes, |dominated |SP |for |3 |decades.
Attitude |Measurement: |Bogardus |Social |Distance |Scale |(data |reduction), |Thurstone |scale, |
Likert |Scale |(weak |to |strong), |Guttman |Scale |(measure |a |single |trait), |Moreno |Scale
, 1930-1940 |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Attitudes |Research |cont.
Sherif |et |al |Robbers: |(The |Robber's |Cave) |study |of |social |norms: |showed |that |win/lose |game-
type |competition |can |trigger |serious |conflict |in |groups. |
ROBBERS' |CAVE |EXPERIMENT: |(study |about |prejudice) |showed |that |group |conflict |is |most |
effectively |overcome |by |the |need |for |cooperative |attention |to |a |higher |SUPERORDINATE |GOAL.
Kurt |Lewin |and |associates |studied |social |climate: |- |Lewin |coined |the |term |'group |dynamics', |
the |way |that |groups |and |individuals |act |and |react |to |changing |circumstances. |He |theorized |
that |when |a |group |is |established |it |becomes |a |unified |system |with |supervening |qualities |that |
cannot |be |understood |by |evaluating |members |individually. |This |notion |- |that |a |group |is |
composed |of |more |than |the |sum |of |its |individual |members |- |quickly |gained |support |from |
sociologists |and |psychologists |who |understood |the |significance |of |this |emerging |field.
LaPiere |(1934) |expression |of |attitudes: |LaPiere |travelled |round |America |with |a |Chinese |couple,
|expecting |to |meet |discrimination |as |a |result |of |anti |Chinese |feeling. |The |LaPiere's |study |shows
|that |the |cognitive |and |affective |components |of |attitudes |(e.g. |disliking |Chinese |people) |do |not
|necessarily |coincide |with |behavior |(e.g. |serving |them). |1930s, |SP |branched |out |into |applied |
fields.
1935 |George |Gallup |began |stratified |sampling |of |the |public. |
1935 |Society |for |Psychological |Study |of |Social |Issues |founded, |now |an |APA |divison.
1940-1950 |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-After |WWII |the |development |of |modern |SP |experienced |
tremendous |growth. |
In |1945 |Kurt |Lewin |founded |the |Research |Center |for |Group |Dynamics |Massachusetts |Institute |
of |Technology |(MIT).
Lewin |trained:Kelley, |Deutsch, |Schachter, |Thibaut |& |Others.
After |Lewin |death |in |1947, |the |Research |Center |for |Group |Dynamics |moved |to |University |of |
Michigan.
Research |focus: |leadership, |persuasion, |attitudes |acquired, |attitudes |changed.
1950-1960 |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Two |trends:
1. |Influence |of |groups |and |group |membership |on |individual |behavior.
Answers
Correlation |Method |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Correlations |can |vary |from |-1 |to |+1, |0 |means |no |
relationship
Advantages: |Ethics, |Practical |Generalizable
Disadvantage: |Not |causal
Experimental |Method |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Random |Selection
Random |Assignment |(Experimental/Control |group) |
Pitfalls: |
Experimenter |expectancy |effect |(Rosenthal |Effect): |experimenter |giving |out |hints |like |nodding |
when |subjects |get |the |right |answer.
Demand |characteristics |(Hawthorne |effect): |the |presence |of |the |experimenter |affects |the |
behavior |of |the |subjects.
Evaluation |Measure: |Reliability |and |validity |
Advantage: |Can |make |an |causal |statement, |infer |causation.
Disadvantage: |less |generalizable, |limited |by |ethics, |limited |by |practicality.
Hypothesis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Predictions, |testable, |tentative, |based |on |logic. |Ex: |If |A |
occurs |then |B |should |follow. |Testing |a |possible |relationship |between |variables.
Provides |a |conceptual |framework |to |explain |existing |observations |and |predict |new |ones. |
Hypotheses |are |not |proven. |
Either |reject |them |or |fail |to |reject |them.
If |a |hypothesis |is |not |rejected |it |becomes |an |accepted |theory. |
An |accepted |theory |is |not |a |fact.
,Theory |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Answers |why, |explains |educated |guess
Verbal |statement |as |opposed |a |mathematical |equation |found |in |physics |or |chemistry
Only |useful |to |the |extent |they |generate |testable |predictions
Random |Assignment |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Achieve |control; |assign |people |to |either |
experimental |group |(receives |treatment), |control |group |(doesn't |receive |anything) |using |
randomization, |such |as |by |a |chance |procedure |(e.g., |flipping |a |coin).
1900-1910 |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Norman |Triplett
Was |born |on |a |farm |near |Perry, |Illinois |in |1861. |In |1898, |he |wrote |what |is |now |recognized |as |
the |first |published |study |in |the |field |of |social |psychology. |His |experiment |was |on |the |social |
facilitation |effect. |Triplett |noticed |that |cyclists |tend |to |have |faster |times |when |riding |in |the |
presence |of |a |counterpart |as |opposed |to |riding |alone. |He |then |demonstrated |this |effect |in |a |
controlled, |laboratory |experiment |and |concluded |that |children |perform |a |simple |lab |task |
faster |in |pairs |than |when |performing |by |themselves.
1910-1920 |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-John |B. |Watson |(1913)
Behaviorism |(or |behaviourism) |is |a |systematic |approach |to |the |understanding |of |human |and |
animal |behavior. |It |assumes |that |the |behavior |of |a |human |or |an |animal |is |a |consequence |of |
that |individual's |history, |including |especially |reinforcement |and |punishment, |together |with |the
|individual's |current |motivational |state |and |controlling |stimuli.
1920-1930 |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Floyd |Henry |Allport |(August |22, |1890 |- |October |15, |1979) |
was |an |American |psychologist |who |is |often |considered |"the |father |of |experimental |social |
psychology", |having |played |a |key |role |in |the |creation |of |social |psychology |as |a |legitimate |field |
of |behavioral |science.
Rejects |instinctual |theories |and |embraces |experimentation.
Marks |beginning |of |the |study |of |Personality |Psychology.
Begin |the |study |of |attitudes, |dominated |SP |for |3 |decades.
Attitude |Measurement: |Bogardus |Social |Distance |Scale |(data |reduction), |Thurstone |scale, |
Likert |Scale |(weak |to |strong), |Guttman |Scale |(measure |a |single |trait), |Moreno |Scale
, 1930-1940 |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Attitudes |Research |cont.
Sherif |et |al |Robbers: |(The |Robber's |Cave) |study |of |social |norms: |showed |that |win/lose |game-
type |competition |can |trigger |serious |conflict |in |groups. |
ROBBERS' |CAVE |EXPERIMENT: |(study |about |prejudice) |showed |that |group |conflict |is |most |
effectively |overcome |by |the |need |for |cooperative |attention |to |a |higher |SUPERORDINATE |GOAL.
Kurt |Lewin |and |associates |studied |social |climate: |- |Lewin |coined |the |term |'group |dynamics', |
the |way |that |groups |and |individuals |act |and |react |to |changing |circumstances. |He |theorized |
that |when |a |group |is |established |it |becomes |a |unified |system |with |supervening |qualities |that |
cannot |be |understood |by |evaluating |members |individually. |This |notion |- |that |a |group |is |
composed |of |more |than |the |sum |of |its |individual |members |- |quickly |gained |support |from |
sociologists |and |psychologists |who |understood |the |significance |of |this |emerging |field.
LaPiere |(1934) |expression |of |attitudes: |LaPiere |travelled |round |America |with |a |Chinese |couple,
|expecting |to |meet |discrimination |as |a |result |of |anti |Chinese |feeling. |The |LaPiere's |study |shows
|that |the |cognitive |and |affective |components |of |attitudes |(e.g. |disliking |Chinese |people) |do |not
|necessarily |coincide |with |behavior |(e.g. |serving |them). |1930s, |SP |branched |out |into |applied |
fields.
1935 |George |Gallup |began |stratified |sampling |of |the |public. |
1935 |Society |for |Psychological |Study |of |Social |Issues |founded, |now |an |APA |divison.
1940-1950 |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-After |WWII |the |development |of |modern |SP |experienced |
tremendous |growth. |
In |1945 |Kurt |Lewin |founded |the |Research |Center |for |Group |Dynamics |Massachusetts |Institute |
of |Technology |(MIT).
Lewin |trained:Kelley, |Deutsch, |Schachter, |Thibaut |& |Others.
After |Lewin |death |in |1947, |the |Research |Center |for |Group |Dynamics |moved |to |University |of |
Michigan.
Research |focus: |leadership, |persuasion, |attitudes |acquired, |attitudes |changed.
1950-1960 |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Two |trends:
1. |Influence |of |groups |and |group |membership |on |individual |behavior.
