PN2002 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS RECENT VERSION

PN2002 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS RECENT VERSION 1. Perception - ANSWER a cognitive process by which a person transforms external sensory data into personalized images of reality 2. Problem solving - ANSWER a comprehensive, sequential, cognitive process used to solve a problem by reducing the difference between current and desired condit 3. Problem solving process- scientific method - ANSWER · Define the problem · Gather data · Analyze data · Develop solutions · Implement solutions · Evaluate solutions 4. Decision-making - ANSWER is a process that chooses a preferred option or course of actions from among a set of alternatives based on given criteria or strategies. 5. Decision Making Process - ANSWER · Define problem · Set goals/ identify evaluation criteria · Identify alternatives for each outcome. · Evaluate alternatives for each outcome Choose the preferred alternative 6. Critical Thinking - ANSWER analytical process in which you purposefully use specific thinking skills to make clinical decisions. 7. What is conflict? - ANSWER An opportunity to understand opposing preferences and values 8. Selective attention - ANSWER is the process of focusing on a particular object in the environment for a certain period. 9. Negative self - ANSWER -talk is any inner dialogue you have with yourself that may be limiting your ability to believe in yourselfand your own abilities, and to reach your potential. 10. Nursing Process and Communication - ANSWER A: determine communication barriers or problems D: determine the nursing diagnosis and the cause of the communication impairment P: plan ways to promote effective communication I: interventions to assist client with achieving effective communication E: listen attentively, observe non-verbal cues and use therapeutic communication to determine if the client is effectively communicating 11. Communicating with Cognitive impairment - ANSWER 1. Hearing Problems  symptoms may vary so never assume (selective hearing or hearing loss)  a client may display anger and frustration due to hearing problems  may deny they have a hearing problem (denial)  signs of hearing problems include speaking too loudly, cupping of the ear, asking for repetition and responding inappropriately  hearing loss can affect all aspects of a person's health  hearing is needed for speech  slurred speech, words may be pronounced wrong 12. Strategies for clients with hearing problems - ANSWER o Alert the patient of your presence  adjust the lighting  reduce background noise  focus your attention on the patient  speak in a normal tone  check communication aid  adjust your language (no medical jargon)  use other communication methods (pen and paper)  watch for signs of fatigue 13. Strategies for clients who are visually impaired - ANSWER o sense of hearing, touch, smell and taste may become more developed with loss of vision  alert patient of your presence  walk slightly ahead and allow patient to hold your arm and inform of approaching obstacles  keep area free of clutter to avoid falls and injuries  inform patient if you close the door 14. Communicating with Dementia - ANSWER o face to face  eye contact  speak slowly and clearly  calm and gentle approach  short sentences  allow breaks of silence  one message at a time  repeat  use actions with words  use humor and cheerfulness 15. Informed consent - ANSWER · information: give all accurate information · understanding: establish if there is understanding of the pros and cons · choice: they are given the opportunity to make their own choice · assistance can be provided to help individuals make the decision · An adult's consent is NOT required in urgent emergencies, involuntary physiatry treatment and triage assessment (overdose, cardiac arrest) 16. Committee of the person - ANSWER guardian speaking for an adult 17. Representation agreement - ANSWER adult speaking through chosen representatives 18. Advance directive: - ANSWER adult speaking through a document 19. Temporary substitute decision maker - ANSWER adult speaking through a family or friend 20. Mrs Jones, age 72 years, has aphasia. the nurse did not obtain signed consent before administering medication. Which of the following statements accurately reflects this situation a. The medication was necessary, so written consent was not required. b. This treatment requires a specific written consent form c. This situation is an example of treatment without consent, which is contrary to Canadian Law d. Consent may be obtained by nonverbal communication - ANSWER d. Consent may be obtained by nonverbal communication 21. Mrs.Chan is diagnosed with dementia and is becoming increasingly unable to express complete thoughts and is having difficulty engaging in simple conversations. When communicating with this client, the nurse should do which of the following? a. Ask the client questions that requires more than a yes or no answer b. Use words directly applicable to the client's daily routine c. Restate ideas using different words in different sequence d. Refrain from validating the meaning of the client's responses - ANSWER b. Use words directly applicable to the client's daily routine 22. The nurse is caring for Mr. Sidhu. an older adult client who has early moderate cognitive impairment and has been diagnosed with dementia. When interacting with the client's family, the nurse should teach family members which of the following? a. That memory for recent events is retained longer than remote memory b. That it is important to focus on recent events when asking the client questions c. That reminiscing about the past can cause the client undue distress d. That reminiscing about the past can be a means of connecting. - ANSWER d. That reminiscing about the past can be a means of connecting. 23. Sally, the nurse is performing an admission assessment on Mr. Thomas, a client with cognitive impairment. What should the nurse do when developing a plan of care for this client? a. Teach the client new skills using complex instructions with multiple steps b. Refrain from mentioning the client's past life experiences when asking questions c. Provide instructions one step at a time d. Offer several instructions at a time when orientating the client to their room. - ANSWER c. Provide instructions one step at a time 24. _________ is reported to affect 80-90% of people with dementia at some time in their disease course. a. urinary tract infections b. PTSD c. BPSD d. pneumonia e. violence and injury - ANSWER c. BPSD 25. Older adults experiences loss, common unmet emotional needs are: (more than one answer) a. To love and be loved (comfort) b. To have self-esteem boosted (identity) c. To have opportunity to care (attachment) d. To have the power to choose (inclusion) e. To be needed and useful (occupation) - ANSWER a. To love and be loved (comfort) b. To have self-esteem boosted (identity) c. To have opportunity to care (attachment) d. To have the power to choose (inclusion) e. To be needed and useful (occupation) 26. SBAR is a common communication tool. What is the acronym? a. Scenario, Behaviour, Assessment, Reaction b. Situation, Background, Assessment, Reaction c. Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation d. Scenario, Background, Assessment, Reaction - ANSWER c. Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation 27. What are the behavorial principles to be aware of in dementia care? Change in: a. behaviour, function, thinking and mood b. behaviour, family visits, thinking and mood c. behaviour, function, meals and mood d. behaviour, function, thinking and finances - ANSWER a. behaviour, function, thinking and mood 28. When responding to a client who exhibits aggressive behaviour, it can be better to agree with what the person says or does, then try distraction or humour, or provide friendly help 29. True or false - ANSWER true 30. Clarification - ANSWER listening response used to ask clients for more information or for elaboration on a point 31. Restatement - ANSWER is an active listening strategy used to broaden a clients perspective or when the nurse needs to provide a sharper focus on a specific part of communications 32. Minimal cues - ANSWER defined as brief, encouraging phrases and non verbal prompts , which communicate interest 33. Paraphrasing - ANSWER listening response which focuses on the cognitive component of a message 34. Summarization - ANSWER is an active listening skill used to pull several ideas and feelings together, either from one interaction, or a series of interactions, into a few succinct sentences 35. What are the stages of grief - ANSWER 1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance 36. Nonstochastic theories - ANSWER explain biological aging as resulting from a complex, predetermined process 37. Stochastic theories - ANSWER view the effects of biological aging as resulting from random assaults from both the internal and external environment 38. Cross-linking theory - ANSWER a theory of aging that holds that the stiffening of body proteins eventually breaks down bodily processes, leading to aging 39. Free Radicals and Lipofuscin Theories - ANSWER suggests that aging is due to oxidative metabolism and the effects of free radicals 40. Wear and tear theories - ANSWER theories that the mechanical functions of the body simply wear out with age 41. Evolutionary theories - ANSWER theories that explain human behavior in terms of how it contributes to the survival of the species and that look at how our evolutionary past influences individual development 42. Biogerontology theory - ANSWER connection between aging and disease processes (bacteria, fungi, viruses) 43. Apoptosis - ANSWER programmed cell death 44. genetic theories - ANSWER Programmed theory of aging: humans are born with genetic program or biological clock that predetermined life span 45. autoimmune reactions - ANSWER primary organs of the immune system, the thymus and bone marrow, are believed to be affected by the aging process. 46. neuroendocrine and neurochemical theories - ANSWER aging is result of changes in brain and endocrine glands 47. radiation theories - ANSWER radiation may induce cellular mutations that promote aging 48. nutrition theories - ANSWER good diet may minimize or eliminate some ill effects of aging process 49. environmental theories - ANSWER how personality is shaped by physical and social environments 50. disengagement theory - ANSWER The view that aging makes a person's social sphere increasingly narrow, resulting in role relinquishment, withdrawal, and passivity. 51. activity theory - ANSWER theory of adjustment to aging that assumes older people are happier if they remain active in some way, such as volunteering or developing a hobby 52. continuity theory - ANSWER a theory focusing on how people adjust to retirement by continuing aspects of their earlier lives 53. subculture theory - ANSWER explains that peer pressure is a determining cause of drug experimentation, use, and/or abuse. 54. age stratification theory - ANSWER a theory which states that members of society are stratified by age, just as they are stratified by race, class, and gender 55. developmental tasks - ANSWER events that need to happen in order for a person to continue growing toward becoming a healthy, mature adult 56. gerotranscendence theory - ANSWER human aging is a process of shifting from a rational and materialistic metaperspective to a more cosmic and transcendent vision 57. functional consequences theory - ANSWER Explains unique relationships among the concepts of person, health, nursing and environment in the context of promoting wellness for older adults. 58. theory of thriving - ANSWER Failure to thrive results from a discord between the individual and his or her environment or relationships. Nurses identify and modify factors that contribute to disharmony among these elements. 59. What is isomorphism? - ANSWER The view that the external world is directly correlated to our perceptual world (aka omniscient realism). 60. What is partial isomorphism? - ANSWER The view that a subset of the external world is replicated in our perceptual world, and that particular subset directly replicates the external world (aka naive realism). 61. What is homomorphism? - ANSWER The view that objects in the perceptual world preserve some aspects of their correlation in the external world, but are not an exact replication (aka critical realism). 62. What is hybrid realism? - ANSWER The view that objects in the perceptual world preserve some properties identically (e.g. shape) but only not others. 63. What is subjectivism? - ANSWER The view that structures in the external world are not replicated in the perceptual world in any way. 64. What is idealism? - ANSWER The view that there is no external physical world. 65. What is the perceptual grouping phenomenon? - ANSWER Things are grouped in perception in ways that they are not objectively grouped in the external world. 66. What drove the evolution from red spot to lens eye? - ANSWER Directional light sensitivity 67. What is the landmark en route strategy? - ANSWER Using multiple landmarks along a route. 68. What three methods are used to compare species? - ANSWER (1) Same task (good for closely-related species), (2) different task (low comparability among species but applies to more), and (3) functionally equivalent task (exploits species-specific adaptations but is very difficult to create). 69. What are Tinbergen's four questions? - ANSWER (1) How does it work? (mechanism, i.e. proximate causation), (2) Why does it exist? (function, i.e. ultimate causation), (3) How does the species evolve? (phylogeny, i.e. evolution), (4) How does the individual develop? (ontogeny, i.e. development). 70. What are the two poles of attraction for organisms? - ANSWER Function (driven by the desire to survive and reproduce, i.e. genetic control) and mechanism (driven by the desire to seek pleasure and avoid pain, i.e. endocrinological control). 71. What are the four steps of natural selection? - ANSWER Variation, selection, change, and adaptation. 72. What are the three types of selection? - ANSWER Natural, artificial, and sexual. 73. What is socio-ecology? - ANSWER Socio-ecology studies the effects of ecological factors on interactions between individuals and the social organisation of groups.