PSYC 301 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
What are some overlapping commonalities we see when it comes to the definition of
consciousness - Answers - - Being awake
- Having an internal subjective experience
- Being oriented to a particular moment and time in space
- Able to respond to things around you
In this class what are the two things we will use to feinde consciousness - Answers -
we will define as alterations in arousal and/or awareness
Arousal: physiological state of being alert and awake
Awareness: being responsive to stimuli (beyond just reflexes
List the 4 Types of Disorders of Consciousness (doc) - Answers - Coma
Unresponsive wakefulness
Syndrome
Cognitive motor dissociation
Minimally conscious state
On the 3 way chart we use to analyse disorders of disfunction what are the three things
- Answers - · Awareness
· Wakeful
· External behavioural evidence of what's happening for this person
What does 000 condition mean and which one is - Answers - · Coma: 000 condition,
not awake, aware or behaving
What is coma greek for - Answers - Greek kōma - trance or deep sleep
What is a coma (4 things) - Answers - Complete absence of arousal and awareness
No eye opening, even after stimulation
No verbal responses
No motor
Responses (except maybe posturing to pain)
,What is decorticate posture - Answers - its motor responses like a reflex in someone in
a coma: : if someone has a higher level injury like midbrain or above in response to pain
they may show decorticate posture:
Characterized by
Arms are and legs are turned in, wrists are curled, and hands are balled
They aren't responding with selectivity to where the pain is they aren't oriented to
anything that's happening its just one generic response they have to any pain.
What is decerebrate posturing - Answers - its like a reflex in response tp pain for
someone in a coma: midbrain and lower damage
Arms go outwards, wrists are flexed fingers curled and arms are straight
They aren't responding with selectivity to where the pain is they aren't oriented to
anything that's happening its just one generic response they have to any pain.
So a coma is a _______ issue cause of the _________ - Answers - So a coma is a
functional issue cause of the disaffiliation
What is unresponsive wakefulness syndrome? - Answers - - arousal without
awareness
- vegetative
They have Preserved physiological functions (cardiac, respiratory, sleep/wake cycles)
without clear signs of awareness of the self or the environment
Only reflexive behaviours: ex swallowing, tracking something with your eyes, blinking
etc.
Who is Terri Schiavo - Answers - famous patient who had UWS
Entered UWS following a cardiac event related to an eating disorder
Wake/sleep, gag, and swallowing responses but no evidence of awareness
Expert consensus that she could not recover
What is cognitive Motor Dissociation? - Answers - Some awareness, some awakeness
but different levels of behaviour
No external behaviour, so from the outside this is indistinguishable from unresponsive
wakefulness syndrome
Howeverrrr
,Covert consciousness or locked-in syndrome meaning Volitional brain activity
detectable by imaging
What percent of UWS patients are believed to actually have cognitive motor dissociation
- Answers - Estimated 20% of those who appear unaware in a UWS
What did 2006 adrian owens study find on patients with disorders of consciousness? -
Answers - look like they are in UWS and they conducted functional neuroimaging on
them
Ex. Green = "keep opening and closing your right hand" (imagining it)
Red = "stop opening and closing your right hand" (stop imagining it)
If someone had no internal awareness, they wouldn't be able to follow instructions, and
we wouldn't see any differenc ebetween the two scans
They look at 25-year-old women in a UWS and they show she had 2 different patterns
of activity based on the instructions showing she had internal awareness.
This is CMD
What does CMD predict? - Answers - CMD status predicts functional recovery at 1
year
What is minimally conscious? - Answers - Minimal but inconsistent awareness. Some
oriented behaviours, some indicators they are responding to what is happening in the
room, not just reflects but this is inconsistent, may involve language nit always. Ex.
Squeeze my hand, listening to their name, don't listen to other language, responding to
different sounds differently
MCS+ : with language
MCS- : without language
They don't have perfect awareness its just that their awareness probably isn't 0
What is the glasgow coma scale - Answers - used to asses consciousness
Through eyes, verbal and motor
Score is out of 15 and a minimum score is 3
How do they test eyes on the glasgow coma scale? - Answers - Spontaneous
(normal): get a perfect score, however if they don't at first open their eyes the next test
is to see if they open their eyes to a...
To sound: ex.Hearing their name
, To pressure: ex. To being touched
None: nothing at all
How do they test verbal ability on the glasgow coma scale? - Answers - Orientated
(normal): perfect score ex. Where are you and they answer perfectly if they don't
answer perfectly instead they may score you as....
Confused: means produce words and phrases but not answer the questions correctly
Words: saying words
Sounds: moans and groans
None: no verbal response.
How do they test motor ability on the glasgow coma scale? - Answers - Obey
command (normal): correctly obey a 2 step command like reach other and pull my hand
tehn they score best for motor
Localises: if they are touched or having something painful and they move their hand to
that location
Normal flexion: still. To reach the hand towards a painful stimulus but not get all the way
there ex. Maybe not past the collar bone
Abnormal flexion: arms move but not to respond to the actual stimulus
Extension same as abnormal flexion (ex. Remember the postures from a coma)
None
What is the behaviour for someone in a coma? (glasgow test) - Answers - eye
opening: none
Movement: none
Response to pain: none/posturing
Response to command: none
Verbalization: none
What is the behaviour for someone in a UWS? (glasgow test) - Answers - eye opening:
spontaneous
Movement: reflexive
What are some overlapping commonalities we see when it comes to the definition of
consciousness - Answers - - Being awake
- Having an internal subjective experience
- Being oriented to a particular moment and time in space
- Able to respond to things around you
In this class what are the two things we will use to feinde consciousness - Answers -
we will define as alterations in arousal and/or awareness
Arousal: physiological state of being alert and awake
Awareness: being responsive to stimuli (beyond just reflexes
List the 4 Types of Disorders of Consciousness (doc) - Answers - Coma
Unresponsive wakefulness
Syndrome
Cognitive motor dissociation
Minimally conscious state
On the 3 way chart we use to analyse disorders of disfunction what are the three things
- Answers - · Awareness
· Wakeful
· External behavioural evidence of what's happening for this person
What does 000 condition mean and which one is - Answers - · Coma: 000 condition,
not awake, aware or behaving
What is coma greek for - Answers - Greek kōma - trance or deep sleep
What is a coma (4 things) - Answers - Complete absence of arousal and awareness
No eye opening, even after stimulation
No verbal responses
No motor
Responses (except maybe posturing to pain)
,What is decorticate posture - Answers - its motor responses like a reflex in someone in
a coma: : if someone has a higher level injury like midbrain or above in response to pain
they may show decorticate posture:
Characterized by
Arms are and legs are turned in, wrists are curled, and hands are balled
They aren't responding with selectivity to where the pain is they aren't oriented to
anything that's happening its just one generic response they have to any pain.
What is decerebrate posturing - Answers - its like a reflex in response tp pain for
someone in a coma: midbrain and lower damage
Arms go outwards, wrists are flexed fingers curled and arms are straight
They aren't responding with selectivity to where the pain is they aren't oriented to
anything that's happening its just one generic response they have to any pain.
So a coma is a _______ issue cause of the _________ - Answers - So a coma is a
functional issue cause of the disaffiliation
What is unresponsive wakefulness syndrome? - Answers - - arousal without
awareness
- vegetative
They have Preserved physiological functions (cardiac, respiratory, sleep/wake cycles)
without clear signs of awareness of the self or the environment
Only reflexive behaviours: ex swallowing, tracking something with your eyes, blinking
etc.
Who is Terri Schiavo - Answers - famous patient who had UWS
Entered UWS following a cardiac event related to an eating disorder
Wake/sleep, gag, and swallowing responses but no evidence of awareness
Expert consensus that she could not recover
What is cognitive Motor Dissociation? - Answers - Some awareness, some awakeness
but different levels of behaviour
No external behaviour, so from the outside this is indistinguishable from unresponsive
wakefulness syndrome
Howeverrrr
,Covert consciousness or locked-in syndrome meaning Volitional brain activity
detectable by imaging
What percent of UWS patients are believed to actually have cognitive motor dissociation
- Answers - Estimated 20% of those who appear unaware in a UWS
What did 2006 adrian owens study find on patients with disorders of consciousness? -
Answers - look like they are in UWS and they conducted functional neuroimaging on
them
Ex. Green = "keep opening and closing your right hand" (imagining it)
Red = "stop opening and closing your right hand" (stop imagining it)
If someone had no internal awareness, they wouldn't be able to follow instructions, and
we wouldn't see any differenc ebetween the two scans
They look at 25-year-old women in a UWS and they show she had 2 different patterns
of activity based on the instructions showing she had internal awareness.
This is CMD
What does CMD predict? - Answers - CMD status predicts functional recovery at 1
year
What is minimally conscious? - Answers - Minimal but inconsistent awareness. Some
oriented behaviours, some indicators they are responding to what is happening in the
room, not just reflects but this is inconsistent, may involve language nit always. Ex.
Squeeze my hand, listening to their name, don't listen to other language, responding to
different sounds differently
MCS+ : with language
MCS- : without language
They don't have perfect awareness its just that their awareness probably isn't 0
What is the glasgow coma scale - Answers - used to asses consciousness
Through eyes, verbal and motor
Score is out of 15 and a minimum score is 3
How do they test eyes on the glasgow coma scale? - Answers - Spontaneous
(normal): get a perfect score, however if they don't at first open their eyes the next test
is to see if they open their eyes to a...
To sound: ex.Hearing their name
, To pressure: ex. To being touched
None: nothing at all
How do they test verbal ability on the glasgow coma scale? - Answers - Orientated
(normal): perfect score ex. Where are you and they answer perfectly if they don't
answer perfectly instead they may score you as....
Confused: means produce words and phrases but not answer the questions correctly
Words: saying words
Sounds: moans and groans
None: no verbal response.
How do they test motor ability on the glasgow coma scale? - Answers - Obey
command (normal): correctly obey a 2 step command like reach other and pull my hand
tehn they score best for motor
Localises: if they are touched or having something painful and they move their hand to
that location
Normal flexion: still. To reach the hand towards a painful stimulus but not get all the way
there ex. Maybe not past the collar bone
Abnormal flexion: arms move but not to respond to the actual stimulus
Extension same as abnormal flexion (ex. Remember the postures from a coma)
None
What is the behaviour for someone in a coma? (glasgow test) - Answers - eye
opening: none
Movement: none
Response to pain: none/posturing
Response to command: none
Verbalization: none
What is the behaviour for someone in a UWS? (glasgow test) - Answers - eye opening:
spontaneous
Movement: reflexive
