PSY 403: FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 100% PASS
The earliest stage of speech production is often referred to as "selecting a lexical
concept" - what exactly happens during this stage? - answer -We choose a lemma: a
mental representation that incorporates semantic (meaning) and syntactic
(combinatory) info about the word we want, but not its sound composition; "word kit"=
-Must decide which word to say before we can actually say it-map an idea without a
specific word and match it to an existing word
It is argued that different lexical items may compete with each other when we are
selecting them for production. How do we know? (Remember the picture-word
interference test). - answer Picture-word inference test: participants were asked to
name the picture (ex: dog) and ignore a word written over it
Neutral word (ex: bed): no effect
Semantically related word (ex: cat): longer RT = COMPETITION
Phonologically related word (ex: doll): shorter RT= FACILITATION
It is thought that speech movements are planned one word at a time, one syllable at a
time, left to right. How do we know it? (think of the "rabbit experiment") - answer Speech
movements are planned one syllable at a time, left to right
Rabbit experiment:
-Main task is to name an animal on screen
-Second task is to press a response button if the name contains an "r" or a "t"
-Faster RT if screening for "r" because the entire word is not activated right away, and
"r" precedes "t" in "rabbit"
Why are speech errors useful for studying cognitive processes underlying speech
production? - answer Speech errors give insight into the cognitive processing that
underlines spoken language mechanisms
Speech errors do not occur randomly - the commonalities tell us how we planned before
something goes wrong
Different errors indicate different phases in speech production
What are semantic substitution errors? What stage/stages of speech production are
they likely to arise from? - answer "dog" for "cat"; "chair" for "table"
Let's meet next year (instead of next week etc.)
, The lecture lasted 2 weeks (instead of 2 hours)
What are sound exchange errors? What regularities do we usually observe in sound
exchange errors? - answer Sound exchange errors
e.g., "fig beet" for "big feet"
More common after phonological primes:
primes: fat beer, fun bed, far base
target: big feet => fig beet
Sound exchange errors suggest:
Words are not retrieved as whole units - some assembly is required.
What is a positional constraint? - answer Positional constraint: Onsets exchange with
onsets; codas exchange with codas.
Because planning unit = syllable; positions within syllables are marked.
What are word exchange errors? - answer Word exchange errors:
"My piano plays the girlfriend."
Obeys the category (~lexical category) constraint
Reflects clause-level planning
What is a lexical category constraint? - answer Obeys the category (~lexical category)
constraint
Reflects clause-level planning
During word exchange errors, grammatical morphemes attached to roots are often left
behind and do not undergo the exchange. What happens to their pronunciation? What
does this suggest about the sequence of selecting specific lexical items, adding
grammatical morphemes to them, and planning their pronunciation? - answer Example
morphemes: -s, -ed
Lemmas are selected before the entire syntactic frame is formed
Pronunciation changes to fit the switched word
Ex: In "I wouldn't give kids to a nut I didn't know"
"Kid" and "nut" are switched, so the /s/ sounds like "z" instead of "ss"
Implies that the switch occurred before the pronunciations of morphemes were finalized
The earliest stage of speech production is often referred to as "selecting a lexical
concept" - what exactly happens during this stage? - answer -We choose a lemma: a
mental representation that incorporates semantic (meaning) and syntactic
(combinatory) info about the word we want, but not its sound composition; "word kit"=
-Must decide which word to say before we can actually say it-map an idea without a
specific word and match it to an existing word
It is argued that different lexical items may compete with each other when we are
selecting them for production. How do we know? (Remember the picture-word
interference test). - answer Picture-word inference test: participants were asked to
name the picture (ex: dog) and ignore a word written over it
Neutral word (ex: bed): no effect
Semantically related word (ex: cat): longer RT = COMPETITION
Phonologically related word (ex: doll): shorter RT= FACILITATION
It is thought that speech movements are planned one word at a time, one syllable at a
time, left to right. How do we know it? (think of the "rabbit experiment") - answer Speech
movements are planned one syllable at a time, left to right
Rabbit experiment:
-Main task is to name an animal on screen
-Second task is to press a response button if the name contains an "r" or a "t"
-Faster RT if screening for "r" because the entire word is not activated right away, and
"r" precedes "t" in "rabbit"
Why are speech errors useful for studying cognitive processes underlying speech
production? - answer Speech errors give insight into the cognitive processing that
underlines spoken language mechanisms
Speech errors do not occur randomly - the commonalities tell us how we planned before
something goes wrong
Different errors indicate different phases in speech production
What are semantic substitution errors? What stage/stages of speech production are
they likely to arise from? - answer "dog" for "cat"; "chair" for "table"
Let's meet next year (instead of next week etc.)
, The lecture lasted 2 weeks (instead of 2 hours)
What are sound exchange errors? What regularities do we usually observe in sound
exchange errors? - answer Sound exchange errors
e.g., "fig beet" for "big feet"
More common after phonological primes:
primes: fat beer, fun bed, far base
target: big feet => fig beet
Sound exchange errors suggest:
Words are not retrieved as whole units - some assembly is required.
What is a positional constraint? - answer Positional constraint: Onsets exchange with
onsets; codas exchange with codas.
Because planning unit = syllable; positions within syllables are marked.
What are word exchange errors? - answer Word exchange errors:
"My piano plays the girlfriend."
Obeys the category (~lexical category) constraint
Reflects clause-level planning
What is a lexical category constraint? - answer Obeys the category (~lexical category)
constraint
Reflects clause-level planning
During word exchange errors, grammatical morphemes attached to roots are often left
behind and do not undergo the exchange. What happens to their pronunciation? What
does this suggest about the sequence of selecting specific lexical items, adding
grammatical morphemes to them, and planning their pronunciation? - answer Example
morphemes: -s, -ed
Lemmas are selected before the entire syntactic frame is formed
Pronunciation changes to fit the switched word
Ex: In "I wouldn't give kids to a nut I didn't know"
"Kid" and "nut" are switched, so the /s/ sounds like "z" instead of "ss"
Implies that the switch occurred before the pronunciations of morphemes were finalized
