BCH403 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED
A+
Elongation factor - Answer- Protein that aids in RNA chain elongation.
DNA Supercoiling - Answer- Over- or under-winding of DNA, influencing structure and
function.
RNA splicing - Answer- Removal of introns and joining of exons in pre-mRNA.
Capping - Answer- Addition of a modified guanine nucleotide to the 5' end of mRNA.
Polyadenylation - Answer- Addition of a poly(A) tail to the 3' end of mRNA.
CTD (C-terminal domain) - Answer- Tail of RNA polymerase II, involved in RNA
processing.
CBC (Cap-binding complex) - Answer- Proteins that bind to the 5' cap of mRNA, aiding
stability and export.
Alternative splicing - Answer- Process by which different mRNAs are generated from
the same gene.
snRNP - Answer- Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins; core components of the
spliceosome.
Spliceosome - Answer- Complex that carries out RNA splicing.
Kinetic Proofreading - Answer- Mechanism increasing accuracy by using time delays to
detect mismatches.
EJC (Exon Junction Complex) - Answer- Protein complex marking exon-exon junctions
after splicing.
Exon definition - Answer- Mechanism by which exons are recognized during splicing.
Splicing enhancers - Answer- Sequences that promote exon inclusion during splicing.
Self-splicing RNA - Answer- RNA that can remove its own introns without proteins.
, CstF - Answer- Cleavage stimulation factor; involved in 3' end processing of pre-mRNA.
CPSF - Answer- Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor; binds to poly(A)
signals.
PAP (Poly(A) polymerase) - Answer- Enzyme that adds adenine residues to the 3' end
of RNA.
RNA exosome - Answer- Multi-protein complex that degrades RNA.
hnRNP (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins) - Answer- Proteins that bind pre-
mRNA, affecting its fate.
NPCs (Nuclear Pore Complexes) - Answer- Gateways in the nuclear envelope for
molecule transport.
Nuclear transport receptors - Answer- Proteins that facilitate cargo movement through
NPCs.
snoRNA (small nucleolar RNA) - Answer- Guide RNAs involved in modifying rRNA.
Nucleolus - Answer- Nuclear substructure where rRNA is synthesized and ribosomes
assembled.
Biomolecular condensate - Answer- Membraneless organelle formed by phase
separation, such as the nucleolus.
Cajal bodies - Answer- Nuclear subdomains involved in snRNA maturation.
Interchromatin granule clusters - Answer- Nuclear regions enriched in splicing factors.
Genetic code - Answer- Set of rules by which nucleotide sequences are translated into
proteins.
Adaptor molecules - Answer- Typically tRNAs that match amino acids to codons.
Codon - Answer- Three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies an amino acid.
Reading frame - Answer- The way nucleotides are grouped into codons.
Anticodon - Answer- Three-nucleotide sequence in tRNA complementary to an mRNA
codon.
Wobble - Answer- Flexibility in base-pairing at the third codon position.
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED
A+
Elongation factor - Answer- Protein that aids in RNA chain elongation.
DNA Supercoiling - Answer- Over- or under-winding of DNA, influencing structure and
function.
RNA splicing - Answer- Removal of introns and joining of exons in pre-mRNA.
Capping - Answer- Addition of a modified guanine nucleotide to the 5' end of mRNA.
Polyadenylation - Answer- Addition of a poly(A) tail to the 3' end of mRNA.
CTD (C-terminal domain) - Answer- Tail of RNA polymerase II, involved in RNA
processing.
CBC (Cap-binding complex) - Answer- Proteins that bind to the 5' cap of mRNA, aiding
stability and export.
Alternative splicing - Answer- Process by which different mRNAs are generated from
the same gene.
snRNP - Answer- Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins; core components of the
spliceosome.
Spliceosome - Answer- Complex that carries out RNA splicing.
Kinetic Proofreading - Answer- Mechanism increasing accuracy by using time delays to
detect mismatches.
EJC (Exon Junction Complex) - Answer- Protein complex marking exon-exon junctions
after splicing.
Exon definition - Answer- Mechanism by which exons are recognized during splicing.
Splicing enhancers - Answer- Sequences that promote exon inclusion during splicing.
Self-splicing RNA - Answer- RNA that can remove its own introns without proteins.
, CstF - Answer- Cleavage stimulation factor; involved in 3' end processing of pre-mRNA.
CPSF - Answer- Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor; binds to poly(A)
signals.
PAP (Poly(A) polymerase) - Answer- Enzyme that adds adenine residues to the 3' end
of RNA.
RNA exosome - Answer- Multi-protein complex that degrades RNA.
hnRNP (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins) - Answer- Proteins that bind pre-
mRNA, affecting its fate.
NPCs (Nuclear Pore Complexes) - Answer- Gateways in the nuclear envelope for
molecule transport.
Nuclear transport receptors - Answer- Proteins that facilitate cargo movement through
NPCs.
snoRNA (small nucleolar RNA) - Answer- Guide RNAs involved in modifying rRNA.
Nucleolus - Answer- Nuclear substructure where rRNA is synthesized and ribosomes
assembled.
Biomolecular condensate - Answer- Membraneless organelle formed by phase
separation, such as the nucleolus.
Cajal bodies - Answer- Nuclear subdomains involved in snRNA maturation.
Interchromatin granule clusters - Answer- Nuclear regions enriched in splicing factors.
Genetic code - Answer- Set of rules by which nucleotide sequences are translated into
proteins.
Adaptor molecules - Answer- Typically tRNAs that match amino acids to codons.
Codon - Answer- Three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies an amino acid.
Reading frame - Answer- The way nucleotides are grouped into codons.
Anticodon - Answer- Three-nucleotide sequence in tRNA complementary to an mRNA
codon.
Wobble - Answer- Flexibility in base-pairing at the third codon position.
